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exam > nat sci 👹 > Flashcards

nat sci 👹 Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals composed of only one element.

A

Native elements

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2
Q

Is the largest and most abundant group containing silicon and oxygen.

A

Silicate Class

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3
Q

formed from the combination of a metal with oxygen.

A

Oxide

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4
Q

made of compounds of sulfur usually with a metal.

A

Sulfide

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5
Q

made of compounds of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen.

A

Sulfates

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6
Q

form from halogen elements like chloring, bromine, fluorine and iodine combined with metallic elements.

A

Halides

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7
Q

Group of minerals made of carbon, oxygen and a metallic element.

A

Carbonates

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8
Q

They are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering. They are often brightly colored.

A

Phosphates

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9
Q

It is the term used for those substances that do not fit neatly into one of the eight classes.

A

Mineraloid

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10
Q

Toothpaste
Aluminum Products
Drinking water

A

Fluorite

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11
Q

Wiring
Electronics
Coins

A

Copper

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12
Q

Cosmetics
Paint
Baby powder

A

Talc

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13
Q

Batteries
Medical Shields
Fishing Tackle

A

Galena

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14
Q

______ rarely found in nature in its uncombined form. ______ is 25.7% of the earth’s crust being silicon, it binds strongly with oxygen and is nearly always found as ___________
- Nail Polish
- All types of glass
- Ceramics

A

Silica
Silicon
silicon oxide(quartz)

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15
Q

Porcelain
Cement
Medicines

A

Gypsum

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16
Q

Ships
Canned goods
Cooking utensils

A

Hematite

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17
Q

Pencil lead
Bricks
Lubricants

A

Graphite

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18
Q

Table salt
Livestock supplements
Bleach

A

Halite

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19
Q

Another major ore of iron(magnetic)

A

Magnetite

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20
Q

The process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore

A

Mining

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21
Q

a natural rock or sediment one or more valuable mineral

A

Ore

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22
Q

is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth.

A

Surface Mining

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23
Q

means a big hole or pit in the ground. It is used to mine gravel and sand and even rock.

A

Open-pit mining

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24
Q

removal of soil and rock above a layer or seam, followed by the removal of the exposed mineral.

A

Strip Mining

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25
Q

This is the process of mining materials from the bottom of a body of water, including rivers, lakes and oceans.

A

Dredging

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26
Q

is used to extract the rocks, minerals and other precious stones that can be found beneath the earth’s surface.

A

Underground Mining

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27
Q

the process of extracting minerals from the ore, refining them, and preparing these minerals for use.

A

Mineral Processing

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28
Q

It is the removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for the analysis of this material

A

Sampling

29
Q

is important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. This includes chemical, mineral and particle size analysis

A

Analysis

30
Q
  • is the process where the valuable components of the ore are separated through crushing and grinding.
  • This process begins by crushing the ores to a particular size and finishes it by grinding the ores into a powder form.
A

Comminution

31
Q

Involves the separation of the valuable minerals from the raw materials.

A

Concentration

32
Q

Uses the concentration to convert it to usable minerals.

A

Dewatering

33
Q

Natural substances consisting of aggregate minerals clumped together with other Earth materials through natural processes.

A

Rocks

34
Q
  • Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
  • Has intergrown Crystals, Vesicular Texture, Glassy
    Texture
  • Latin word ignis means fire
A

Igneous Rocks

35
Q

Igneous Rocks Two types:

A

Intrusive
Extrusive

36
Q

From slowly cooling magma. They cool underneath the surface as plutons.

A

Intrusive

37
Q

From the rapid cooling lava. extruded during volcanic eruption.

A

Extrusive

38
Q
  • From the root word sediment which means
    “remaining particles”
  • Rocks that have formed from the deposition of different materials on earth surface
  • Pre-existing rocks or pieces of dead organism that has been cemented by natural process.
  • Compacted/Cemented Sediments, Layered Sediments, and Fossils or evidence of Life.
A

Sedimentary rocks

39
Q
  • rocks that derive from igneous or sedimentary rocks that were exposed to high pressure, high temperature or both.
  • Meta means “change”
  • Morph means “form”
  • Metamorphism means “Change in form”
  • Banded crystals
A

Metamorphic rocks

40
Q

When the dominant altering factor is pressure, usually due to tectonic activity

A

Regional Metamorphism

41
Q

layered or banded appearance in rocks.

A

Foliation

42
Q

When the dominant altering factor is heat, from direct contact between older rock and an intruding body of magma.

A

Contact Metamorphism

43
Q

like marble and quartzite

A

Non-foliated metamorphic rock

44
Q

The on-site breakdown of rock and its eventual transformation into sediments

A

Weathering

45
Q

Is the physical breakdown of rock into sediments without changing its chemical composition

A

Physical (Mechanical)

46
Q

When plant grows, its root may cause the rock joints to break.

A

Root Wedging

47
Q

Water inside the fractures of rock freeze, it will cause the joints of rocks to expand and grow, causing the pieces of rocks to detach.

A

Frost Wedging

48
Q

The process of splitting of rocks into onion-like sheets parallel to the surface.

A

Exfoliation

49
Q

Wearing down of rocks by friction, water or wind.

A

Abrasion

50
Q

The altering of rocks because of exposure to different substances.

A

Chemical Weathering

51
Q

the reaction of rock minerals with oxygen, changing the mineral composition of the rock.

A

Oxidation

52
Q

Mixing of water with carbon dioxide. Occurs on rocks which contain calcium carbonate such as limestone and chalk.

A

Carbonation

53
Q

When plant, fungi and lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals.

A

Biological Weathering

54
Q

Determining the actual age of a rock or fossil using radioactive decay.

A

ABSOLUTE DATING

55
Q

Determining which rock, fossil, or event came first, second, third, etc.

A

RELATIVE DATING

56
Q

The doctrine suggests that Earth’s geologic processes acted in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity in the past as they do in the present and that such uniformity is sufficient to account for all geologic change.

A

Uniformitarianism

57
Q
  • New rock layers are always deposited on top of existing rock layers
  • Therefore, deeper layers must be older than those closer to the surface.
A

Law of Superposition

58
Q
  • A layer or stratum must always be older than any feature that cuts or disrupts it.
  • For example, if a layer is cut by a fault, the layer is older than the fault that cuts across it.
A

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

59
Q

This technique assumes that the lowest layer is the oldest while the topmost layer is the youngest layer.

A

Stratigraphy

60
Q

In this technique, the faunal deposits such as fossils of dead animals are used to establish a strategy for dating.

A

Biostratigraphy

61
Q

In this method, the fossils of one layer are compared with another layer with known dating

A

Cross dating

62
Q
  • It determines the age of the sample by measuring the amount of a particular radioactive isotope present in the sample.
  • The age can be determined by the rate of decay of that particular isotope.
A

Radiometric dating

63
Q

Isotopes that tend to break down into stable isotopes of the same or other elements at a steady rate.

A

Radioactive Isotopes

64
Q
  • An unstable radioactive isotope of one element breaks down into a stable isotope
A

Radioactive Decay

65
Q

unstable radioactive isotope

A

parent isotope

66
Q

stable isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope

A

daughter isotope

67
Q
  • The change in the protein content of a biological sample can be used to determine the age.
  • A particular form of a living being may have a defined protein content in their bodies that deteriorates with time
A

Amino Acid Dating

68
Q

The number of annual growth rings of a dicot is used in this technique to determine the age of the tree.

A

Dendrochronology

69
Q
  • This technique determines the final period during which the object absorbs light, emitting electrons.
  • The age is determined with respect to the emissions.
A

Thermoluminescence

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