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Gary's lectures > Nasal, ocular and otic drug delivery > Flashcards

Nasal, ocular and otic drug delivery Flashcards

1
Q

What is local and systemic delivery?

A
  • Local delivery is delivery directed to the target site

- Systemic delivery is delivery via a different pathway to reach targe site

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2
Q

What are ophthalmic drugs? Provide a few examples

A
  • These are drugs used to treat and diagnose ocular diseases
  • e.g eye lotions, ointments, contact lens, solutions
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3
Q

ocular delivery is mostly local delivery. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What are the systemic conditions that can lead to ocular diseaes?

A
  • Hyperntension

- Diabetes

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5
Q

What are the local ocular conditions?

A
  • Catarct
  • Glaucoma
  • macular degeneration
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6
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of ocular drug delivery?

A

Advantages:

  • Reduced systemic effects
  • Reduced required doses

Disadvantages

  • patient compliance
  • Sensitivity of the eye to medications
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7
Q

what structure of the eye is the main pathway for drugs to diffuse into the eye?

A
  • The cornea
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8
Q

What is the thickness of the cornea and what endothlial cell types makes this up?

A
  • O.5-0.7mm

- Stratified endothelial

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9
Q

Intravetrial delivery is delivery with injection into the vitreous humour between the lens and the retina. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is A sub-tenon’s injection?

A
  • Used as a local anaesthtic in the equator of the eye but can be used to delivery drugs to treat posterior segment inflammation
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11
Q

What does subconjuctival injection drugs used to deliver?

A
  • Anti-effective drugs or corticosteriods if not responding to topicl therapy
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12
Q

In subconjuctival injection the drug is delivered from anterior to the posterior chambers into the vitreous humor. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Only small volumes of injections are provided (1ml) with subconjuctival injections issues of repeated injection and patient compliance. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

in the lacrimal gland

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15
Q

Six muscles extend from the socket t the eye balls which helps with eye movement. true or false?

A

True

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16
Q

What glaucoma?

A
  • It is a group of disorder characterised by the loss of vision due to nerve damage
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17
Q

what causes acute-angle glaucoma?

A
  • osbcured outflow of aqueous humour via trabecular meshwork
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18
Q

What pharmaceutical interventios can be used to treat this?

A
  • Beta blokers
  • Sympathometitcs - incresae oevscleral otflow
  • Miotics
  • Prostanglandins
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19
Q

Why ahve intra-ocular devices been developed?

A
  • They provide sustain release of drugs
  • Allows for accurate dosing
  • patient compliance is improved
  • can provide drug release over a long period of time
  • reduction in systemic adsorption
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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of intra-ocular devices?

A
  • Implants have to removed surgically
  • Tissue toxicity with polymers
  • Patient compliance with having a solid object inserted into the eye
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21
Q

what are the two types of solid devices?

A
  • Biodegradble e.g PVA and PVP

- Non-biodegradable which are better accuracy for dosing (including vinyl polethyethyl acetate)

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22
Q

Ophthlamic drugs are avilable as sterile, buffered or isotonic solutions. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What are the charactersitics of opthlamic drug delivery?

A
  • Non-irritant
  • Non greasy
  • Homogenous
  • Sterile
  • Physically and chemically stable
  • Should not affect vision
24
Q

What are common excipients used in ocular drugs?

A
  • Viscosity modifiers
  • Polymers
  • Phase transition system (based on changes in pH or temperature)
  • Dispersed systems including liposomes and suspensions
25
Q

Viscosity modifiers is an interfacial phenomena associated with hydrogen bonding. TRUE OR FALSE?

26
Q

What do viscosity midifers do? (ads)

A
  • Increase contact time
  • Increases contact time with tissue
  • Allows localisation and retention of dosage forms
27
Q

Polymers are often used for controlled, prolonged, modified drug release. TRUE OR FALSE?

28
Q

Timolol is a beta blocker used to treat raised intraocular pressure. TRUE OR FLASE?

29
Q

Timolol although it is admnistered locally as eye drop it get absorbed systemiclaly as well leading to side effects. TRUE OR FALSE?

30
Q

What are the local and systemic side effects of timolol?

A

Local:
- redness, inflammation, itching

Systemic:
- Contraindicated in patients with bradycardia and heart block

31
Q

Otic delivery is delivery to the ear canal. TRUE OR FALSE?

32
Q

Most otic drugs are aqueous or oily solutions. TRUE OR FLASE?

33
Q

Anti-oxidants are often used to improve stability of the produtc (otic products). TRUE OR FALSE?

34
Q

Why use nasal delivery instead of buccal or oral?

A
  • Faster onset of time
  • no gastric destruction by low pH and no first pass metabolism
  • patients types
  • Buccal medications require retention of dosage form
35
Q

what are the advantages of nasal delivery?

A
  • Faster onset of action
  • Ease of adminstration
  • Bypasses first pass metabolism
  • avoids systemic side effects
  • improved compliance
36
Q

What are the disavantage of nasal drug delivery?

A
  • Local metabolism
  • absorption depends health of mucosa
  • Limited number of medications
37
Q

What does desmopressin do and how is it administered?

A
  • It increases levels of ADH and decreases urine production during sleep
  • Administered as a nasal spray
38
Q

what is the pH of the nasal cavity?

39
Q

What are the two types of mucous?

A
  • Inner watery layer

- Outer viscous layer

40
Q

What is the thickness of the mucous layer?

A
  • 5-20micrometers
41
Q

Overdosed drug can flow into the GI tract causing systemic or unwantd side effects. TRUE OR FALSE?

42
Q

AT what frequency does the cilia beat?

43
Q

what is the turn over time?

A
  • 10-15 minutes
44
Q

What types of drugs are affected bylocal metabolism of nasal srugs?

A
  • Peptide drugs
45
Q

Progesterone and testosterone have a nasal bioavailability of 100%. TRUE OR FLASE?

46
Q

What are the physochemical factors affecting nasal absorption?

A
  • Molecular weigth
  • pH (ionisation)
  • Solubility
  • rate of dissolution
  • Particle size (smaller particles can end up in the blood)
47
Q

what an you do to imrpove nasal adminstration?

A
  • Control nasal pH
  • Maintain tonicity
  • Choice of vehicle
  • Inclusion of antioxidants and preservatives
48
Q

What is imapction?

A
  • The turbulent airfow of large particles
49
Q

What is sedimentation depend upon?

A
  • Airflow velocity
50
Q

what are the three types of nasal formulations?

A
  • Squeeze bottles
  • Metered dosing
  • Nasal drops (liquids)
51
Q

Betnesol-N is simple and cheap, but requires preservatives and can be soothing to the nasal mucos. TRUE OR FALSE?

52
Q

Betnesol is an example of a nasal liquid formulation. TRUE OR FALSE?

53
Q

Squeeze bottles are the partially atomised liquids. TRUE OR FALSE?

54
Q

Give an example of a metered dose pump drug?

55
Q

Metered dose pumps provide greater control. TRUE OR FLASE?

56
Q

Larger volumes tend to be cleared faster than smaller volumes. TRUE OR FLASE?

57
Q

particle size, droplet size is important for delivery. TRUE OR FLASE?

Gary's lectures (7 decks)

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