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Gary's lectures > Drug delivery to the lungs > Flashcards

Drug delivery to the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the advantages of pulmonary delivery?

A
  • Avoids first pass hepatic metabolism
  • Fast onset of action
  • Non-invasive
  • Minimal side effects
  • Potential to deliver local and systemic i.e asthma - bronchioles, systemic alveoli
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2
Q

what are the disadvantages of pulmonary delivery?

A
  • Poor inhalation technique can lead to deposition in the upper airway
  • Mucus fom infection can decrease deposition of drugs
  • Physical stability of aerosols can affect how much of it is absorbed
  • Ineffeciency of delivery
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3
Q

Particles need to be hydrophilic enough to pass through the lung fluid and lipophilic enough to pass though the epithelia. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Particles should be small enough to undergo endocytosis. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

The deposition of particles is dependent upon the particle size. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Particle distribution is usually non-normal as described by the aerodynamics. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Particle distribution is also non-normal in the lungs. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

ds is proportional to the settling velocity in the lungs. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What is the aerodynamic diameter equation?

A

-

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10
Q

Methods of sedimentation will depend upon particle size. TRUE OR FALSE/

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is inertia?

A

The property of a particle that allows it to remain at rest or in uniform motion

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12
Q

The contribution of inertial compaction decreases as you move down the respiratory tract due to branching. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

what is gravitational sedimentation?

A
  • It is the downward movement of particles under gravity
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14
Q

Gravitational sedimentation is important for drugs with small mass median aerodynamics. TREU OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Impaction of gravitational sedimentation is increased by holding breath. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What is brownian diffusion?

A
  • The random movement of particles within a fluid
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17
Q

What does browian diffusion do?

A
  • It enables small particles to move towards and bind to the walls of various tracts
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18
Q

what is electostatic precipitation?

A
  • where the surface charge can affect deposition
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19
Q

Electrostatic precipitation is not usually important when partcile size is less than >4um. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What are the three types of pulmonary devices?

A
  • Nebulisers
  • pMDI
  • DPI
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21
Q

why do Pulmonary devices need to be shaken before use?

A
  • Because the particle settle/sediment at bottom of the device
  • Need to shake to get equal dosing
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22
Q

pMDI affects coordination. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Side effects of orapharangeal impaction is greater in pMDI than DPI. true or flase?

A

true

24
Q

What are the issues of stability with pMDI?

A
  • drug can leach out fro polymeric systems
  • Ingress of water through valve avtuation
  • Drug adherence to the metal canister
25
Q

what does propellants used in pMDI have?

A
  • Must have low viscocity
  • Must be stable on storage
  • Must disperse freely
  • Evaporate quickly
  • have low surface tension
26
Q

what are propellants used for?

A
  • They provide the driving force to push the drug into the patients respiratory tract
27
Q

what type of propellanst are msotly used?

A
  • CFCs

- No HFCs better fo rthe environment

28
Q

What happens when vapour pressure is high?

A
  • Causes impaction

- Reduces efficacy of the drug leading to reduced clincila performance

29
Q

what happens when vapour pressure is too low?

A
  • This makes propellant less volatile meaning that less of the drug can reach the downward respiratory tract
30
Q

What does breath-actuation in MDI helps to improve?

A
  • It improves the coordination of firing which can increase clinical benefits
31
Q

Aerosol particle size define the dose deposited and the distribution of drug aerosols int he lungs. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

32
Q

smaller particles distribute drugs perpherally but distribute smaller concentration to surface area, while larger particles distribute larger concentrations but disrtibute drugs centrally. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

33
Q

Most pharmaceutical aerosols are heterodispersed. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

34
Q

Where are B receptors mostly found in the lungs?

A
  • In the alveolar wall
35
Q

where are B2 recptors loctaed in the lungs?

A
  • in the airway epithelium
36
Q

Particle size affects lung deposition of aerosol as well as the clinical efficacy. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

37
Q

Particle size and efficacy is not neccesarily linearly correlated. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

Larger particles deposite in the trachea. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

39
Q

What is minimum fluid velocity?

A
  • When upward flow exceeds gravitational pull
40
Q

Drug particles less than 5um must then detach from cohesive and adhesive via impact based detachment and fluid based detachment. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

41
Q

Pneumocyst carinii pneumonia is found predominetly within the alveolar spaces. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

42
Q

How does espiratory diseases such as bronchietasis change the nature of the lung?

A
  • Through alteration in bifurcation angles
  • Obstruction of the airways due to mucus accumulation
  • These factors may modify depositon and distribution of patterns of aerosols
43
Q

How are drugs deposited in normal vrs obstructed airway?

A
  • Obstrcuted airways drug is distributed centrally usually due to inertial impaction
  • Normal - drug is deposited unformally
44
Q

Spacer MDIs have been developed to reduce the coordination requirements. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

45
Q

Spacer devices reduce the amount of drug deposited in the oropharynx by decreasing the particle size distribution and slowing the aerosols velocity. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

46
Q

What does spacer devices do?

A
  • Improve deposition better than pMDI
  • Allows propellant ot evaporte
  • Coordiantes breath with actuation
  • Clinically efficious dose after 2 breaths
  • No need for coordination
47
Q

what are the disadvantages of spacer devices?

A
  • Patient compliance with portability
48
Q

Why have dry powder inhalers been developed?

A
  • Reduces issues of coordination that is seen with MDIs

- No propellant is required

49
Q

Poor drug distribution with DPIs is usaully as a result of inefficient dis-aggregation of fine drug particles. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

50
Q

Temperatre and high humidity affects drug dis-aggregation. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

51
Q

What are the formulation considerations need ot tkae with DPIs?

A
  • Therapeutic agent
  • Excipiens used to improve production
  • Excipient used to imrpove flow porperties
  • Polymorphism
52
Q

Nebulisers use sterile solutions. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

53
Q

Nebulisers can use co-solvents. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

54
Q

Acidic solutions o fless than 5 can cause bronchoconstriction. true or false?

A

true

55
Q

What are the two type of nebulisers?

A
  • Jet nebulisers which are use compressed system (most comon type)
  • Ultrasonic nebulisers which may damage certain drugs
56
Q

What are the advantages of nebulisers?

A
  • Can be used at any age
  • No propellant used
  • easy to teach how to use
  • no cordination required
  • Can be used with supplemetal oxygen
57
Q

What are the disadvantages of nebulisers?

A
  • Portability is an issue
  • device can take 5-10 minutes to work
  • formulation limitations

Gary's lectures (7 decks)

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