Nasal Lecture

Question 1

Advantages of nasal drug delivery

Answer 1

Large surface area
Rich blood supply
low metabolic activity
Ease of administration

Question 2

Disadvantages of nasal drug delivery

Answer 2

Rapid clearance
Absorption barrier
Lack of reproducibility
Adverse reactions

Question 3

Hard bone, hard palate

Answer 3

Forms the nasal floor and mouth roof

Question 4

Soft palate

Answer 4

Pressed upward and prevent lodging of the food at the back of the nose

Question 5

Vestibule

Answer 5

Forward section of nasal cavity

Question 6

Turbinates

Answer 6

Three thin elevations just behind the vestibule

Question 7

Difference between air inhaled by the mouth and air inhaled by the nose?

Answer 7

Nose: air is humidified, heated and filtered
Mouth: none

Question 8

Olfactory region

Answer 8

Toward the roof of nasal cavity and is lined with non-ciliated neuroepithelium

Question 9

Cilia

Answer 9

Beat like oars, constantly move the mucus

Move towards the throat

Question 10

Gel Layer

Answer 10

UPPER
Sticky and thick
Traps particles

Question 11

Sol Layer

Answer 11

LOWER
Thin watery
Washes the stems of the cilia

Question 12

Physiological factors affecting nasal drug absorption

Answer 12

Blood supply
Contact time
Clearance
Conditions
Enzymes
Barrier
Transport routes

Question 13

Pharmaceutical factors affecting nasal drug absorption

Answer 13

Physiochemical properties
Drug concentration
Dosage form
Delivery device

Question 14

Pathological conditions of the nose

Answer 14

Nasal blockage & polyps
Crusting
Excessive secretion

Question 15

Nasal blood supply

Answer 15

Sensitive to topical and systemic
Controls size of lumen
- Temp, humidity, vasoactive drugs, trauma, compression, mood, exercise, hyperventilation

Question 16

Enzymatic activity

Answer 16

Nasal drugs undergo major degradation by the enzymes present

Question 17

Mucociliary clearance

Answer 17

^ = decreased residence time and reduces drug absorption

Question 18

Posterior part =

Answer 18

Cilitated
Faster clearance
Faster permeability - fast absorbing drugs

Question 19

Anterior part =

Answer 19

Little or no ciliary

Slow permeability - slow absorbing drugs

Question 20

Capacity of human nasal cavity

Answer 20

25-200

Question 21

Nasal solutions

Answer 21

Water based + preservatives
Short residence time
- drops or sprays

Question 22

Nasal Suspension

Answer 22

Longer residence time

Delivered via metered dose actuator system

Question 23

Nasal gel

Answer 23

Highly viscous solutions or suspension

Block nasal passage and affect normal breathing process

Question 24

Nascobal

Answer 24

Vit B12 nasal gel

Question 25

Nasal powder

Answer 25

Cause irritation, gritty feel and dryness Prolong contact time Metered-dose inhalers

Question 26

Rhinocort

Answer 26

Nasal powder

Question 27

Antioxidants

Answer 27

Prevent drug degradation by oxidation

Question 28

Humectants

Answer 28

Glycerin, sorbitol and manitol- reduce irritation

Question 29

Nasal Sprays

Answer 29

Squeeze bottles | Deposit in the anterior

Question 30

Nasal drops

Answer 30

Deposits throughout the cavity = increase surface area for immediate absorption Quicker clearance - Drugs that undergo rapid adsorption

Question 31

Metered dose pumps

Answer 31

Most common device for nasal drug delivery | Accuracy = better

Question 32

Limitations

Answer 32

Too large of particles for penetration Droplets into lungs 90% is cleared or swallowed Inconsistant dosing

Question 33

Kurve Technology

Answer 33

Disrupts the natural flow and disperse the drug into the entire nasal cavity - Vortical flow

Question 34

Bidirectional inhaler

Answer 34

Blows the air out and directs the flow of air into the nose while closing off the mouth from the nose - Directhaler & optinose - Nasal and oral

Question 35

Optinose

Answer 35

Both oral and nasal | Bidirectional inhaler

Question 36

Nose to brain delivery

Answer 36

Bypass BBB and go through the olfactory region | Very few