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Approaches to Literature > Narrative > Flashcards

Narrative Flashcards

1
Q

Conventions of narrative realism

A

Events are arranged chronologically
Complex, rounded characters that develop
A narrator
Ending draws various strands together, usually through coincidence
Events are included on the basis of their relevance to plot development.
‘Realist operators’ excessive and non-necessary use of detailed description to produce reality effect

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2
Q

Narrative content

A

A collection of representative events (including participants in events and circumstances of events).

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3
Q

Narrative form

A

The way in which narrative vents are represented through a particular narrative medium

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4
Q

Content order

A

Chronological order of events (the story itself)

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5
Q

Form order

A

The order in which the narrative presents events (discourse)

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6
Q

What kind of effects can a mismatch between content and form order create?

A

Enigmas, suspense.

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7
Q

What effect does describing minor events in detail have?

A

Slows the narrative

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8
Q

What effect does the condensed treatment of major events have?

A

Accelerates the narrative

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9
Q

Narrative coherence

A

Recognition that we are being told one unified story

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10
Q

Why is content less coherent than form?

A

Because it is form that organizes content into a single, coherent thing, with start and finish, through process if selection and ordering.

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11
Q

Focalizer

A

Character from whose perspective events are told.

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12
Q

What effect can switching narrative pov have?

A

Causes uncertainty about content because it alters

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13
Q

Typicality

A

A formal characterstic

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14
Q

Motif

A

Typical event in a narrative

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15
Q

What narrative arc does the narrative proper undergo?

A

Movement from some form of lack to resolution and a form of closure.

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16
Q

Orientation

A

Setting the scene

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17
Q

Entry strategies

A

Setting the leading idea of a narrative

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18
Q

Exit strategies

A

Ending a text once a lack has been resolved.

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19
Q

What does Structuralism propose composes a narrative?

A

Story (histoire) - content, event, characters, setting. What is communicated

Discourse (means by which such content communicated) How it’s communicated

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20
Q

What does Aristotle propose composes a narrative?

A

Praxis (Imitation of real world actions) forms logos (an argument), from which are selected/rearranged the units that form the plot (mythos).

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21
Q

What does Russian formalism propose composes a narrative?

A

Fabula (fable - basic story to be related, what’s happened).
Sjuzet (plot - story as actually told by linking events together, how reader becomes aware of what happened, the order of appearance).

22
Q

Kernel

A

Major events in terms of a narrative’s logic of hierarchy - advances a plot by raising or satisfying questions.
Advances action by opening alternative

23
Q

Satellite

A

Minor events that can be omitted without disturbing logic of plot, serve to flesh out kernel

24
Q

Motifs

A

Typical events such as a murder or marriage

25
Q

Narrative proper

A

Movement from lack to resolution

26
Q

Orientation

A

Setting the scene

27
Q

Focalization

A

The way the text represents relationship between who experiences and what’s experienced

28
Q

Focalizer

A

Who experiences

29
Q

Focalized

A

What’s experienced

30
Q

External focalization

A

anonymous outside voice

31
Q

Character focalization

A

Phenomena experienced by character

32
Q

Free direct speech

A

Litte intrusion by narrator, no ‘he said’

33
Q

Direct speech

A

Quotation marks and reporting clause.

34
Q

Indirect speech

A

No quotation marks, second person pronouns, past tense, narrative voice more dominant

35
Q

Free indirect speech

A

Part direct, part indirect with suppression of distinguishing details, making it difficult to distinguish between voice of narrator and character.

36
Q

What are the two traditional concepts of realism?

A

Either direct imitation of reality or mimesis (reconstruction of facts of reality)

37
Q

Give some examples of realist conventions

A 
Focus on 'ordinary life' and the complexity of normal people.
Non-self-reflexive language
Reliable, omniscient narrator 
Roughly chronological
Narrative closure
38
Q

What did Lodge propose was the reason that texts were realist?

A

Their conventions resemble non-fiction

39
Q

How is the reality effect achieved?

A

Use of excessive, non-necessary information

40
Q

What are non-realist texts?

A

Texts that play with realist conventions in order to challenge the traditional notion of what realism is

41
Q

Surface structure

A

Abstract formulation of organization of the observable sentence (what the sentence looks like)

42
Q

Deep Structure

A

What the sentence means

43
Q

Give examples of two models of deep structure

A

Levi-Strauss - structure that underlies every myth is a four-term homology, correlating one pair of opposed themes to another.
Greimas - Contradictories and contraries

44
Q

Outline Greimas’ model of deep structure

A

Contradictoires, one proposition negates the other, cannot both be true and cannot both be false, mutually exclusive and exhaustive (e.g. white v non-white)

Contraries, cannot both be true, but might both be false, mutually exclusive but not exhaustive (e.g. white v black)

45
Q

Event-labelling (proairetic)

A

Reader amasses certain data under generic titles for actions and this title embodies the sequence (form of paraphrase that enables tangibility of story).

46
Q

Non-uniform labelling

A

Labels given to actions can change and be labelled in various ways.

47
Q

Narrative propositions

A

Paraphrasing events/actions as a simple sentence, rather than a single word as in ‘event-labelling’.

48
Q

Catalyst

A

Expand, amplify or delays kernel (progression of plot)

49
Q

Give Prince’s three principles of organization

A

Temporal succession, causality and inversion (or closure based on symmetry or balance).

50
Q

For Propp, what is the ‘constant element’ in a narrative?

A

‘Function’ (an act of character, defined from point of view of its significance for course of the action - function may remain constant even when identity of performer changes). Study of what’s done should precede questions of who or how it’s done

51
Q

According to Bremond, every three functions combine to punctuate which three stages?

A

Possibility, process and outcome (each function opens two alternatives).

52
Q

According to Bremond, all macro-sequences are either one of two processes, what are they?

A

Improvement or deterioration.

Approaches to Literature (15 decks)

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