Approaches Flashcards
Syntax
Sentence structure
Androcentric
Focused/centered around men
Allusion
Text makes implicit/explicit reference to another text
Intertextuality
The variety of ways in which texts interact with each other
Register
The kind of language we use is affected by the context in which we use it.
Constative utterances
Language that makes a statement describing a state of affairs, is true or false. e.g. “I’m walking to town”
Performative utterances
Language that is not true or false and that performs the action to which it refers e.g. ‘I promise to pay you’
Implicit performatives
Language in which there is no explicitly performative verb, yet which can still be interpreted as a perforative utterance e.g. “I will pay you tomorrow”
Kristeava’s theories of ‘symbolic’ and ‘semiotic’
Symbolic - authority, order, repression, fathers, control, maintains fiction that self is fixed and unified, structuralist, orderly surface, strict distinctions, conscious.
Semiotic - randomized way of making connections that increases range of possibilities, improvisations, approximations, accidents, post-structuralism, unconscious.
The deconstruction process = unconscious (semiotic/imaginary) emerging into and disrupting conscious (symbolic) meaning.
Tenor
Subject of a metaphor
Vehicle
Metaphorical term itself
Implicit metaphor
Tenor of a metaphor (subject) not specified, only implied
Mixed metaphor
Conjoins two or more obviously diverse vehicles (metaphorical term itself, within a metaphor). A succession of incongruous or ludicrous comparisons.
Dead metaphor
A metaphor that has been used for so long, we are no longer aware of the discrepancy between vehicle and tenor. e.g. “the heart of the matter”
Metonymy
The literal term for one thing, applied to another with which it has become associated because of recurrent relation in common experience e.g. Hollywood used to mean the film industry
Synecdoche
When part of something is used to signify a whole (e.g. wheels=car)
Kenning
The recurrent use of a descriptive phrase in place of the ordinary name for something
Rhetoric
Type of discourse, whose chief aim is to persuade the audience to feel, think or act in a particular way.
Anaphora
Repetition of word/phrase at beginning of sequence
Apostrophe
Direct address to absent person or abstract/nonhuman entity.
Paralipsis
Someone says they won’t do something, then proceeds to do so.
Paradigmatic chain
e.g. house, shed, hut mansion, palace
Signifying system
Organized and structured set of signs that carries cultural meanings.
Mimesis
A generalized, universalized reconstruction of the facts of reality. Doesn’t just describe reality, but teaches us about reality in general.
Non-self-reflexive-language
Doesn’t draw attention to itself as language
Dialogic
Texts which allow the expression of variety of points of view, leading reader with open questions.
