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Napoleon and France Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Order of the Legion d’Honneur created?

A

1802

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2
Q

When were the Knights of the Empire introduced?

A

1808

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3
Q

When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor?

A

1804

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4
Q

When was the Imperial Nobility established?

A

1808

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5
Q

What percentage of Napoleonic titles were given to military men?

A

59%

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6
Q

How many lycees were set up?

A

45

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7
Q

What were Napoleonic state primary schools called?

A

ecoles populaire

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8
Q

When was the Imperial University established?

A

1808

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9
Q

What was the Civil Code of 1804?

A

Allowed women some control over own property on marriage.

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10
Q

What type of divorce was allowed in Napoleonic France?

A

Divorce by consent (sometimes)

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11
Q

How did Napoleon reduce Parisian newspapers in 1800?

A

From 73 to 13, then later to 4.

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12
Q

What were newspapers subject to under Napoleonic France?

A

Police supervision, only covered ‘official news’ and military bulletins.

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13
Q

What had to apply for a licence to operate under Napoleonic France?

A

Publishing firms and theatres.

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14
Q

When was the Napoleonic Censorship Board set up?

A

1810

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15
Q

What was the Napoleonic ‘Myth of the saviour’?

A

Use of propaganda, so art, sculpture and architecture, to honour the achievements of Napoleon.

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16
Q

When could churches open under Napoleon?

A

Any day, 1799

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17
Q

What was made a day of rest under Napoleon?

A

Sunday, 1800

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18
Q

What did the 1801 Napoleonic Concordat do?

A

Made Pope the head of the RCC again, Catholicism ‘religion of the majority’, freedom of worship for Catholics. Oath of loyalty to regime remained.

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19
Q

What and when were the Organic Articles?

A

1802, controlled training of priests and restricted Church activity within France. Religious toleration for Protestants and Jews.

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20
Q

What change to teaching was made in 1806?

A

New Catholic cathechism to be taught - loyalty to Napoleon above the Church.

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21
Q

When was the Papal States occupied by France?

A

1808

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22
Q

When was the Pope imprisoned by Napoleon?

A

1809

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23
Q

When was the Napoleonic Civil Code issued?

A

1804

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24
Q

What were the terms of the Napoleonic Civil Code?

A

Abolition of feudalism, separation of Church and State, equality before the law, Le Chapelier law, rights of purchasers of beins nationaux.

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25
Q

What was the Le Chapalier law?

A

Banned guilds and trade unions, removed the right to strike.

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26
Q

What social changes were made in the 1804 Civil Code?

A

Father/husband confirmed as head of the family, women’s rights limited - especially with owning property / divorce.

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27
Q

How did the Civil Code change inheritance?

A

Ending of Primogeniture was confirmed. (First-born would not necessarily inherit everything)

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28
Q

What did the Criminal Code continue?

A

Written in 1807, continued use of jury trials introduced after 1789.

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29
Q

What did the Penal Code retain in regards to punishment?

A

1810, retained capital and corporal punishment.

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30
Q

How did Napoleon change the selection of judges?

A

Now appointed by the government rather than elected by local communities.

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31
Q

What Napoleonic criminal court was set up in 1801?

A

One to deal with ‘brigands’ (Chouan/Vendean rebels) - trail without a jury.

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32
Q

When were the Gendarmerie established?

A

1801, military police

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33
Q

What were the duties of the Gendarmerie?

A

Would deal with bandits, theft/violent crime, would put down rebellions and enforce conscription.

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34
Q

What was the role of the Napoleonic civilian police?

A

Acted as a ‘secret police’, Would intercept letters, destroy rebellious publications and round up and exile trouble-makers.

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35
Q

How was the Napoleonic civilian police organised?

A

Every town over 5,000 had a commissioner, who would answer to a departmental prefect and report to Minister of General Police.

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36
Q

Who was the Minister of General Police, and who did they report to?

A

Fouche 1800-1810 then Savary, reported directly to Napoleon.

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37
Q

What were the administrative/civilian police expected to do under Savary?

A

Seek out and remove potential, not only actual, opposition.

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38
Q

What tax did Napoleon keep from the Directory, and how did he try to reform it?

A

Land tax from directory, tried to make a land register - only 20% complete by 1815.

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39
Q

What tax was collected in urban areas under the Consulate?

A

Personal property tax, contribution personelle mobiliere.

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40
Q

What tax did Napoleon reintroduce in 1803?

A

Octrois, replaced personal property tax.

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41
Q

How was the Napoleonic tax system organised?

A

Each dept. had tax collectors and inspectors, paid in proportion to amount collected.

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42
Q

What was the central bureau responsible for handing after 1807?

A

Responsible for handling and auditing state finances

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43
Q

What taxes did Napoleonic France increasingly rely on?

A

Indirect taxes - taxes on alcohol, salt, tobacco and playing cards quadrupled.

44
Q

What was one of Napoleon’s first acts relating to money?

A

Only legal tender would be metal coinage, not worthless paper money.

45
Q

When was the Bank of France set up, and what did it do?

A

1800, provided credit for government and businesses, controlled currency of gold/silver coins.

46
Q

When was the assassination attempt on Napoleon?

A

24th December 1800. 52 killed/wounded.

47
Q

Why did Napoleon hold a plebiscite in 1800?

A

To show apparent concern for democracy, and silence politicians who spoke out against his position.

48
Q

What was the result of the 1800 plebiscite?

A

Only 1.5 million, or 25% of electorate, voted; ridiculous 99.94% support.

49
Q

What did Napoleon do upon becoming First Consul?

A

Moved into the Tuileries, had coins minted with his face on them. Often wearing a laurel.

50
Q

What did Napoleon select as First Consul?

A

Councils of State

51
Q

How did Napoleon repress Jacobins?

A

Spies infiltrated groups, in 1801 129 Jacobins were arrested and deported.

52
Q

How did Napoleon repress Royalists?

A

In September 1800 Napoleon told the comte de Provence to never return to France. Executed 750 chouans in 1800.

53
Q

What were the royalist disturbances in Paris under the Consulate?

A

1800-1804, in 1804 Napoleon kidnapped and shot a Bourbon prince - duc d’Enghien - for allegedly being in league with emigres.

54
Q

How did Napoleon repress Liberals?

A

In 1803 banished Madame de Stael and her lover to 64km from Paris. Curbed press freedom heavily, print completely controlled.

55
Q

What were the terms of Napoleon’s decree on press in 1800?

A

January 1800, only 13 newspapers allowed, no new newspapers published, had to be approved by Police, suppression of liberal ideas.

56
Q

How did Napoleon win over royalists?

A

Promised to protect Catholicism, offered an amnesty to any in the West who would surrender.

57
Q

Who did Napoleon specifically try to win over?

A

The bourgeoisie - biens nationaux kept, vote changes gave them more influence.

58
Q

What were amalgame and ralliement?

A

Respectively, reconciling the old nobility and new elites; rallying all around the regime.

59
Q

When and what was the Peace of Amiens?

A

1802, peace with Britain - so respite from war, popular with trading bourgeoisie.

60
Q

When and what was the Battle of Marengo?

A

Victory over Austria in 1800, allowed Napoleon to exploit military propaganda

61
Q

When was Napoleon made Consul for life?

A

1802 - could also name his heir.

62
Q

What were the results of the 1802 plebiscite?

A

Another very suspicious 99.76% support.

63
Q

When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor?

A

1804 - due partly to 1803 resumption of war. Became Emperor of the French with the House of Bonaparte.

64
Q

What was the result of the 1804 plebiscite?

A

99.93% support (come on lmao)

65
Q

When was Napoleon crowned?

A

2nd December 1804. Crowned himself.

66
Q

When did Napoleon start blocking the Tribunate and Legislative?

A

Jan 1801

67
Q

When did Napoleon purge the governmental bodies?

A

January to March 1802, removed 20 from Tribunate and 60 from Consulate.

68
Q

When was the Tribunate abolished?

A

1810

69
Q

When was the last meeting of the Legislative Body?

A

1813

70
Q

Who was General Augereau?

A

Son of a fruit-seller, rose to become a Marshal of France, Grand Officer of the LoH and duc de Castiglione.

71
Q

When was the Napoleonic school system set up?

A

May 1802 established the ecole populaires and lycees.

72
Q

What did Napoleonic schools primarily teach?

A

Obedience to the State

73
Q

What did lycees focus on?

A

Creating effective generals and civil servants

74
Q

What did the Imperial University do?

A

Teacher-training - staff had to give an oath of loyalty
Curriculum - standardised
Inspections and reports to Napoleon

75
Q

When did Napoleon marry Marie-Louise?

A

January 1810

76
Q

What were married women not allowed to do?

A

Accept an inheritance without husband’s permission

77
Q

How were publishing houses reduced under Napoleon?

A

1808 decree reducing them from 200 to 60.

78
Q

When was the Napoleonic censorship board set up?

A

January 1810

79
Q

When did France move back to the Christian calendar?

A

1806

80
Q

What did the Code of 1807 do?

A

Provided guidance for businesses, including debt and bankruptcy.

81
Q

What was the 1808 criminal code?

A

Maintained trial by jury - though the first double jury disappeared in 1811. Arrest without trial possible.

82
Q

What was the 1810 criminal code?

A

Laid down guidelines for punishments - death for murder, arson and forgery. Some hard labour and branding - but also maximum and minimum penalties.

83
Q

How were judges selected under Napoleon?

A

Directly appointed by him. Local magistrates were also appointed after 1802.

84
Q

When were judges purged?

A

Mostly in 1807

85
Q

What were the Napoleonic special courts?

A

1801, suppression of brigands - no juries and could give death penalties.

86
Q

What did Napoleon create in 1800 to help run the nation?

A

Prefects - agents responsible for carrying out central authority

87
Q

What did prefects do?

A

Chief administrator - conscription, tax collection, agriculture, industry, etc. etc. etc

88
Q

How many prefects had served under the revolutionary governments?

A

68%

89
Q

When was the octrois reintroduced?

A

September 1803

90
Q

How was tax collected under Napoleon?

A

Tax collectors paid in proportion to amount collected, passed to receivers who were scrutinised by the govt.

91
Q

What was the Cour des Comptes?

A

Sept 1807 body to handle and audit state finances. Detailed accounts, needed authorisation for release of money

92
Q

How did the bank of France help state finance?

A

Ensured Napoleon’s loans were at a sensible interest as repayments were guaranteed.

93
Q

What bodies did Chaptal establish?

A

Bureau of Statistics - obvious
Societe d’Encouragement, prizes and exhibitions of industry
Councils of Agriculture, Art and Commerce

94
Q

What and when were the Chambers of Commerce?

A

1802, in 23 largest cities. Facilitated trade.

95
Q

How much did French economy increase from 1790 to 1812?

A

Wool increased 400%, silks rose from 26 to 64 million francs.

96
Q

How did agriculture decline under Napoleon?

A

Land was divided into smaller plots under the Civil Code, driving more to subsistence farming.

97
Q

When were bad harvests under Napoleon?

A

1806, 1809 onwards.

98
Q

When was Louisiana sold, and for how much?

A

1803, for 50 million francs as well as cancellation of 18 million francs of debt.

99
Q

When was the continental blockade established?

A

1806-1807

100
Q

What French trading region declined under Napoleon?

A

Atlantic, due to British blockades

101
Q

What was the main failure of the Continental Blockade?

A

Inability to stop smuggling, despite customs officials tripling. Corruption rampant

102
Q

What were limiting factors on Napoleonic economic change?

A

Large amount of farming. Industrial work unattractive. Focus on wartime industry. Bourgeoise looked down upon trade. Poor comms.

103
Q

What happened economically in 1806?

A

Expenditure outstripped income (not good!)

104
Q

When was France back in severe debt?

A

1810, inflation also rose. Banks collapsed.

105
Q

When was an especially bad harvest under Napoleon?

A

1811

French Rev Stuff (8 decks)

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