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Napoleon and Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Russia withdraw from the 2nd coalition?

A

At Zurich, Sept 1799

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2
Q

What happened in the Alps in 1800 May?

A

1800, Napoleon and 50,000 men almost defeated by the Austrians at Marengo.

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3
Q

When did Austria withdraw from the 2nd coalition?

A

February 1801, following defeat at Hohenlinden in Dec 1800.

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4
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Luneville?

A

1801 Feb, Austria withdrew from coalition and France kept all former gains as well as more land in Tuscany.

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5
Q

What were the terms of the 1802 Peace of Amiens?

A

France left United Provinces, Naples. Britain returned overseas territory. Egypt returned. Treaty not honoured.

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6
Q

When did Britain declare war on France following Amiens?

A

May 1803

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7
Q

When and what was Trafalgar?

A

Nelson destroyed a Franco-Spanish fleet in Oct 1805.

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8
Q

What was the Army of England?

A

193,000 men meant to invade England, abandoned after 1805 following Austrian and British threat.

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9
Q

Who was in the 3rd Coaltion?

A

Britain, Russia and Austria initially. Prussia remained neutral.

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10
Q

What happened at Ulm, and what was the aftermath?

A

October 1805 Napoleon captured over 50,000 Austrian troops, entered Vienna in November.

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11
Q

What happened at Austerlitz?

A

Napoleon defeated an Austro-Russian force Dec 1805, forcing Austrian withdrawal and Russian retreat.

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12
Q

When was the Confederation of the Rhine set up, and what was the aftermath?

A

July 1806, annoyed Prussia so much they joined the Coalition in September.

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13
Q

What happened at Jena?

A

October 1806, Prussians crushed in battle and Napoleon entered Berlin.

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14
Q

What happened in 1807 with Russia?

A

Victories at Friedland and Eylau meant Russia was forced to withdraw. Napoleon occupied Warsaw.

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15
Q

What happened with Russia in 1807?

A

Victories at Eylau and Friedland forced Russian withdrawal, Warsaw taken by French.

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16
Q

When was the peace at Tilsit?

A

June-July 1807, peace between Russia and France. Got on very well. Joined CS.

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17
Q

What did Prussia give up at the Treaty of Tilsit?

A

July 1807, Prussia lost about half its territory and paid 120 million francs indemnity.

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18
Q

When was the Papal states annexed?

A

February 1808, along with much of the rest of Italy.

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19
Q

How large was the population of France under Napoleon?

A

28 million, largest in Europe.

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20
Q

What advantages did the Napoleonic military have?

A

Generals promoted on merit, war fervour from rev. propaganda, raw recruits fighting alongside veterans.

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21
Q

What is an example of soldiers’ loyalty to Napoleon?

A

Loyalty during 1812 Russian disaster and during 100 days - due to rewards and Napoleon’s charisma.

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22
Q

What were pays reunis?

A

Territories ruled directly by France - all French laws were automatically applies, essentially fully integrated territory.

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23
Q

What were pays allies?

A

Satellite states, rulers had some choice in how they applied French law and practice.

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24
Q

Which kingdoms did France control at the peak of the Empire?

A

Spain, Guastalla, Berg, Holland, Westphalia, Italy, Lucca, Naples. All by the Napoleonic dynasty.

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25
Q

What was the population of ‘France’ by 1810?

A

44 million (!)

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26
Q

How did the Empire damage the economy?

A

Cost of administration outstripped the benefit provided from tax.

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27
Q

How did the Marshals / dynasty turn against Napoleon?

A

Despite the patronage the empire offered, loyalty was never guaranteed and Joseph, Louis and Bernadotte Bonaparte all drifted from control.

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28
Q

What effect did the Empire have on the army?

A

While it provided a stream of conscripts, maintenance needed huge armies - and conscripts weren’t always loyal.

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29
Q

How did the Empire affect French admin?

A

While it increased the pool of talented administrators, positions given to imperial personnel increased class division.

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30
Q

What effect did the Empire have on rev. values?

A

Provided an opportunity to export them and destroy feudalism - but that was not always welcomed, and resentment was common.

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31
Q

How much did the Empire unify Europe?

A

Technically so, but it did impose an alien culture and fostered opposition in nationalist movements.

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32
Q

What did Napoleon bring to client states?

A

Departements, imperial bureaucracy - prefects, tax-collectors, gendarmes, etc.

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33
Q

How was the Empire’s finance managed?

A

All followed the French system, with fiscal restructuring and budgeting + accounting.

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34
Q

Who mostly ran administration of the empire?

A

Men from incorporated territories and French officiers.

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35
Q

Where were gendarmeries set up across the Empire?

A

Everywhere - to establish control and police previously lawless areas.

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36
Q

How centralised was the Empire?

A

Very - all rulers reported regularly to Napoleon and deferred major decisions to him.

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37
Q

What was the economic policy of ‘France First’?

A

Exploitation of occupied areas - paid heavily for French ‘protection’; tax collected in Italy rose 50% between 1805 and 1811.

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38
Q

How did tax in Naples change?

A

100 different taxes were replaced by the French with a single tax on land and industry.

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39
Q

What were dotations?

A

From 1806, supporters of the regime could be given a right to collect revenue from seized land. 25% of Warsaw income lost this way.

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40
Q

How did France distinguish between states?

A

States under direct control preferred, satellites only allowed to produce food/raw materials and not rival French industry.

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41
Q

What areas prospered and suffered under the Empire?

A

Belgian textiles and Rhine mining boomed; Berg and Genoa suffered with trade.

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42
Q

Why did trade slump 1810-1811?

A

Disappearance of overseas trade, not a large enough internal market

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43
Q

Why did Empire policy become less consistent after 1808?

A

Pressures on the Empire

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44
Q

What was the reaction to the 1801 Concordat and the seizure of the Pope?

A

1809 popular disturbances, 1808 Spanish peasant rising

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45
Q

How were nobles treated under the Empire?

A

Retained positions of power, usually had influence in local govt.

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46
Q

When was serfdom abolished in Warsaw?

A

1807

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47
Q

Did the Empire succeed in changing European society long-term?

A

No - while serfdom was never reintroduced, social structures stayed mostly the same

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48
Q

When was there rebellions against conscription under the Empire?

A

1808

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49
Q

How young were Napoleonic soldiers by 1813?

A

As young as 15

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50
Q

What and when was the Berlin Decree?

A

November 1806, forbade any French client states/allies from buying British goods

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51
Q

What was the Orders in Council?

A

Nov 1807 British response to blockade, Britain would not buy from France or allies. Ships could be seized.

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52
Q

What was the Milan Decree?

A

December 1807, France could capture neutral ships going to British ports.

53
Q

What became unobtainable under the Blockade?

A

Tea, coffee, sugar and tobacco`

54
Q

When and why did Napoleon invade Spain?

A

1808, as Portugal was not complying with the Blockade

55
Q

When did Russia drop out of the CS?

A

1810, leading to 1812 war

56
Q

When did Napoleon invade Spain, and what happened?

A

March 1808 with 100,000 soldiers, Charles abdicated in March and Ferdinand abdicated in May.

57
Q

What happened at the Battle of Bailen?

A

July 1808, Spanish rebels defeated a French army and captured 22,000

58
Q

When did Napoleon personally enter Spain?

A

December 1808 with 80,000 troops.

59
Q

When was Joseph Bonaparte made King of Spain, and what happened?

A

August 1808, British sent Duke of Wellington to aid the Spanish

60
Q

How much of Spain did France control by 1809?

A

The north, but a British withdrawal at Galicia ensured the south was still dangerous.

61
Q

When did Napoleon leave Spain, and what happened?

A

January 1809, Wellington returned in April with 30,000 men and entrenched.

62
Q

How many French troops ended up in Spain?

A

250,000 - so a major drain on resources.

63
Q

When were the French defeated in Spain?

A

1813, Wellington defeated French at Vitoria and took Madrid. Joseph fled.

64
Q

When were the French defeated at Toulouse?

A

1814 by a British army from Spain.

65
Q

When did Austria re-enter the war, due to the Peninsula?

A

February 1809. Reformed but still had old-fashioned commanders.

66
Q

What happened at Eckmuhl?

A

22nd April 1809, French army defeated Austria. 12,000 Austrian casualties, double that of France.

67
Q

What happened at Essling?

A

May 1809, France defeated by Austria, losing 20,000 men and retreating. First personal defeat of Napoleon.

68
Q

What happened at Wagram?

A

July 1809, 188,000 French troops defeated Austria in a hard-fought battle where they lost 34,000 men.

69
Q

What and when was the Treaty of Schonbrunn?

A

14th Oct 1809, Austria made peace and lost 1/6 of its population. Most of the coast.

70
Q

What were the reasons for the difficulty of the 1809 Austrian campaign?

A

Growing competence of enemies, French army was mostly raw recruits, overconfidence of Napoleon.

71
Q

Why did Russia leave the Continental System?

A

31st Dec 1801. Economic hardship, Napoleon married an Austrian princess rather than a Russian one.

72
Q

When did Napoleon invade Russia?

A

July 1812. Beelined to Moscow.

73
Q

What was the Russian tactic in the campaign?

A

Withdrawal and a scorched earth policy - Grande Armee only had 4 day’s rations.

74
Q

Why was Napoleon unprepared for a long campaign in Russia?

A

Army had poor maps, inadequate winter clothing and little medical supplies.

75
Q

Why did the Russian campaign fail?

A

Usual tactics of speed useless against such a large foe, raw conscripts hampered army, hunger and disease rampant.

76
Q

How many men did Napoleon invade Russia with, and how many returned?

A

650,000; only 10,000 returned - with only 1,000 fit for further service.

77
Q

When and what was the Battle of Borodino?

A

7th Sept battle with Russia and France, French victory but not completely decisive.

78
Q

When did Napoleon enter Moscow, and when did he leave?

A

14th September, left on 18th October. Only 180,000 soldiers left.

79
Q

What did Napoleon find in Moscow?

A

The city abandoned and set on fire by the governor.

80
Q

What happened at Kaluga?

A

Indecisive battle between the French and Russians, end of October 1812.

81
Q

How many French troops were left in Russia by November 1812?

A

24,000

82
Q

When did Napoleon abandon the Grande Armee?

A

5th December. Returned to Paris by 6th.

83
Q

What was the plot against Napoleon in 1812?

A

Malet conspiracy in October+, rumour that Napoleon died in Moscow and attempted to return France to republicanism.

84
Q

Who was in the 4th coalition?

A

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britian, Sweden

85
Q

When did Prussia declare war in the 4th Coalition?

A

March 1813

86
Q

When did Britain declare war in the 4th Coalition?

A

June 1813

87
Q

How large of an army did Napoleon create after Russia?

A

250,000 (!). Declared war on Prussia in April.

88
Q

What victories did Napoleon achieve in 1813?

A

3 against Prussia, but could not follow up on them - cavalry was in short supply; decades of war had ruined horse population.

89
Q

When and what was the Battle of the Nations?

A

October 1813 deciding battle of the 4th Coalition War, Napoleon defeated by joint force.

90
Q

What peace deal was Napoleon offered after the Battle of the Nations?

A

A generous one allowing him to keep ‘natural frontiers’, this was refused.

91
Q

What was the Treaty of Chaumont?

A

March 1814, allies agreed to preserve coalition till Napoleon was ultimately defeated.

92
Q

When did the Allies enter Paris?

A

30th March 1814

93
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau?

A

April 1814, allowed to keep Emperor title but exiled to Elba. £200,000 personal income.

94
Q

Who replaced Napoleon after Fontainebleau?

A

Louis XVIII

95
Q

What was the charter for Louis XVIII?

A

A constitutional monarchy - 2 chamber assembly with Deputies and Peers, fair tax, and equality before the law.

96
Q

What freedoms were given under Louis XVIII’s charter?

A

Freedom of individual and meritocracy, a relatively free press, a pardon to revolutionaries, freedom of worship.

97
Q

What were the other terms of Louis XVIII’s charter?

A

Abolition of conscription, biens nationaux owners keeping their lands

98
Q

What did Louis XVIII do upon reaching Paris?

A

3rd May, processed through the streets as a monarch and lived in the Tuileries. Insisted freedoms were his gift to the people, not inherent rights.

99
Q

What did Louis XVIII believe in?

A

Divine Right, his authority over any assembly.

100
Q

What were the terms of the 1st Treaty of Paris?

A

30th May 1814, France reverted to 1792 borders - still held land east of Rhine. Looted artworks kept.

101
Q

When was the news of Napoleon’s return heard?

A

11th March 1815

102
Q

When was Napoleon declared an outlaw?

A

13th March 1815

103
Q

When did Napoleon return to France?

A

1st March 1815 with 1,000 men. Attracted a huge following.

104
Q

Where was a rising against the Bourbon restoration?

A

Lyons, on 9th March.

105
Q

When did the Royal army defect to Bonaparte upon his return?

A

19th March 1815. Louis XVIII fled the country.

106
Q

Why were army officers unsatisfied with Louis XVIII?

A

Army put on half-pay, Bonapartists were not purged so respect for Napoleon was still present.

107
Q

Why were the populace unhappy with Louis XVIII?

A

Taxes were high, indirect taxes had not been reduced. Conscription was still in force.

108
Q

Why were bourgeoisie and peasants unhappy with Louis XVIII?

A

(false) rumours of the beins nationaux being returned.

109
Q

What did Napoleon’s final constitution include?

A

Free elections, a free press and a cons. monarchy with a 2-chamber system to appeal to liberals. Verified by plebiscite - 22% turnout.

110
Q

How big of an army did Napoleon raise upon his return?

A

300,000 (!)

111
Q

When and what was the Battle of Ligny?

A

16th June 1815, French defeat of Prussia (!!). Failed to follow up on victory.

112
Q

When and what was the Battle of Waterloo?

A

18th June, France defeated by Prussian and British armies. Imperial Guard forced to retreat, though still showed extreme courage.

113
Q

When did Napoleon finally abdicate?

A

22nd June 1815

114
Q

When did Napoleon surrender to the British?

A

15th July 1815, being exiled to St. Helena. Middle of the Atlantic.

115
Q

When did Napoleon die?

A

1821

116
Q

When did Louis XVIII return to Paris after the 100 days?

A

8th July

117
Q

When and what was the 2nd Peace of Paris?

A

November 1815, French land reduced to that of 1790. 700 million franc indemnity. Return all artworks. Army of occupation, paid for by the French.

118
Q

What did the Allies guarantee after the 2nd Peace of Paris?

A

60,000 men each should Napoleon try and return.

119
Q

What was the cordon sanitaire?

A

A buffer around France after the 2nd Peace of Paris.

120
Q

What were some changes made by the Congress of Vienna?

A

Britain expanded Empire further, HRE replaced with German confed., Poland chopped up, Denmark lost Norway, Italy divided.

121
Q

How did the France of 1815 and the Ancien Regime seem similar?

A

Deeply catholic Bourbon monarch with advisers from the nobility.

122
Q

What was the legacy of the revolution in France? (administration)

A

Departements, prefects, tax system, Bank of France, courts and Napoleonic Codes remained.

123
Q

What was the legacy of the revolution in France? (social)

A

Uniformity of law, careers open to talent, dominance of bourgeoisie professional classes.

124
Q

Who did well and who did poorly under the new 1815 France?

A

Bourgeoisie, professionals and wealthy peasants prospered; nobles could not stem the decline in their influence.

125
Q

What problems did Louis XVIII face from his Chamber?

A

Deputies Chamber was full of ‘ultras’, extreme royalists, who made his political life difficult.

126
Q

How did the French economy fare after 1815?

A

Recovered quickly, industry prospered. France escaped devastation faced by most of Europe.

127
Q

In what ways was Napoleon a true revolutionary?

A

Constitutional, admin., legal and religious reforms, building on work of rev. governments. Meritocracy and toleration. Empire spread revolution.

128
Q

In what ways was Napoleon not a true revolutionary?

A

Heavily autocratic state. Elections meaningless. Rigged plebiscites, could ignore chambers. Powerful police and spies. DOROMAC abandoned.

129
Q

In what ways was Napoleon’s Empire not revoltionary?

A

Use of his dynasty, suggesting personal achievement was more important than the rev.

French Rev Stuff (8 decks)

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