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Experiment in Constitutional Monarchy Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the EG start?

A

Opened 4th May 1789, first session 5th May 1789.

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2
Q

What were some early problems in the EG?

A

Voting still not fixed, no reform package or any agenda put forward.

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3
Q

What did Abbe Sieyes argue at the start of the EG?

A

That the 3rd estate had the right to act alone if the other estates would not join it

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4
Q

When did some clerics join the 3rd estate group in the EG?

A

10th June 1789

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5
Q

When did the 3rd Estate vote to call itself the ‘National Assembly’?

A

17th June 1789, 491 votes to 90. Asserted right to represent whole nation.

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6
Q

When did Louis XVI’s son die?

A

4th June 1789

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7
Q

When was the Tennis Court Oath, and what led to it?

A

20th June NA locked out of meeting place, moved to local tennis court and declared that they would not disband until France had a constitution.

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8
Q

When was the first Royal Session?

A

23rd June 1789, King refused to call the NA the NA, used EG term. Demanded estates still meet separately. Deputies refused to leave after the session.

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9
Q

What did Louis do on the 26th June 1789?

A

Bring 4800 extra troops to Paris.

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10
Q

What did Louis do on the 27th June 1789?

A

Recognised the NA and permitted voting by head. Too late, as had already lost the trust of the NA.

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11
Q

How many troops were in Paris by the 4th July 1789?

A

30,000

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12
Q

When was Necker dismissed for the 2nd time?

A

11th July 1789

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13
Q

When was the Storming of the Bastille?

A

12th-13th July 1789. Symbol of royal oppression, also held gunpowder needed for looted muskets.

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14
Q

What else was happening at the time of the Storming of the Bastille?

A

40 out of 54 customs posts destroyed. Rebels armed themselves. National Guard established.

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15
Q

How many attacked Les Invalides, and when?

A

12th July 1789, same time as the Bastille, 8,000 attacked and took 32,000 muskets.

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16
Q

When and what was the Great Fear?

A

17th July - 3rd August, attacks on local nobles. National Guard units set up. Revolution spread beyond Paris. Peasants refused to pay tax and sought destruction of feudal dues.

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17
Q

When were feudal rights abolished?

A

4th August 1789

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18
Q

What were the causes of the Great Fear?

A

Rumours about returning emigres, marauding brigands - in league with nobles - attacking families, and grain merchants making vast profits.

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19
Q

What 1789 decrees did Louis refuse?

A

The August Decrees and the DOROMAC.

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20
Q

When was the DOROMAC passed?

A

26th August 1789

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21
Q

Why did Louis refuse the DOROMAC and Decrees?

A

Challenged divine right, likely pressure from wife+court, hoped rev. government would simply collapse

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22
Q

What was Louis offered after refusing the DOROMAC and Decrees?

A

A suspensory veto - ability to delay, but not forbid, legislation

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23
Q

When was the March to Versailles?

A

5th October 1789, 6000-7000 set out to Versailles to gain an audience with the King.

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24
Q

What was the result of the March to Versailles?

A

Louis was forced to accept the DOROMAC and August Decrees, and was forced to move back to Paris. Escorted back on the 6th October.

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25
Q

Where was the royal family housed in Paris?

A

The Tuileries, where they were ‘protected’ by the National Guard.

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26
Q

Which deputies were particularly enthusiastic about Church reform?

A

Abbe Sieyes, Talleyrand, Gregoire.

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27
Q

How were Church taxes changed in the 1789-1790 reforms?

A

Don Gratuit abolished, tithe and church tax abolished.

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28
Q

When were early religious changes under the Constitutional Monarchy?

A

August 1789- June 1790

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29
Q

When was citizenship granted to Protestants and Jews?

A

Protestants December 1789, Jews January 1790 / September 1791

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30
Q

When was all church property nationalised?

A

2nd November 1789

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31
Q

What did the Constitutional Monarchy do to religious orders?

A

Dissolved them unless they could prove they were charitable.

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32
Q

What happened to pluralism and the payment of annates under the Cons. Monarchy?

A

Abolished / ended

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33
Q

When was the CCC proposed?

A

12 July 1790

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34
Q

What did the CCC do to diocese and bishops?

A

Boundaries of diocese redrawn to correspond with departements, each departement would have 1 bishop. So 83 instead of 135.

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35
Q

What did the CCC stipulate about clergy and church officials?

A

Clergy would become paid state officials, would have to reside in their diocese. Bishops and priests were to be elected, giving citizens control over spiritual leaders.

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36
Q

When was the CCC adopted?

A

December 1790

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37
Q

When was the Oath to the CCC?

A

27th Nov 1790,

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38
Q

What was the Oath to the CCC?

A

Clergy had to swear to be faithful to the nation, law and king, and maintain the constitution. Any who refused would lose office and salary.

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39
Q

How many swore the Oath to the CCC?

A

Only 7 of 160 bishops, and 55% of the Parish clergy.

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40
Q

What did the Pope do to those who took the CCC?

A

Suspended them, following 1791 April Papal bull.

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41
Q

What did the French government do in response to the 1791 Papal bull?

A

Occupied and annexed Avignon, declared in Nov 1791 that refractory priests were counter-revolutionaries.

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42
Q

When were refractory priests deported?

A

May 1792 onwards.

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43
Q

What was the impact of the CCC?

A

Deeply divided the nation between those who prioritised revolution and those who prioritised religion.

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44
Q

What form did the new 1789 constitution take?

A

August 1789, representative democracy / cons. monarchy with an elected body as legislative, king + ministers as executive and an independent judiciary.

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45
Q

How many chambers did the constitutional govt. have?

A

Sept 1789 decided on one chamber, the Assembly

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46
Q

What vetoing powers was the King granted under the Assembly?

A

A 3-year suspensory veto, granted to balance out power and ensure the Assembly did not rule in self-interest.

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47
Q

What other powers did the King have under the Assembly?

A

Could appoint ministers to form a cabinet.

48
Q

What title did the King hold under the Assembly?

A

From October 1789 - King called ‘King of the French’ not ‘King of France’, to show power was derived from the law and people.

49
Q

How was the king supported under the Assembly?

A

Given a 25 million livres budget along with his private income - still 20 million less than before rev.

50
Q

How often were elections held under the Assembly?

A

Once every 2 years though electoral colleges.

51
Q

What were active and passive citizens?

A

Made December 1789, Active citizens were over 25, had lived in one place for a year and paid taxes equal to 3 day’s labour could vote; other, ‘passive’ citizens could not vote.

52
Q

What powers did the Assembly have?

A

Power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace.

53
Q

How did the running of each departement work?

A

Would have an elected council of 36, which would appoint a directorate of 8 to run the region. Uniform across all of France.

54
Q

How was the legal system reformed under the Assembly?

A

Jurors draw by lot, judges paid salaries.

55
Q

What was the system of courts under the Assembly?

A

JPs dealt with minor cases, District courts above them, then a capital court. A single high court of appeal also existed.

56
Q

What were the legal rights of people under the Assembly?

A

Judge within 24 hours of arrest, proceedings open to the public, lawyers for all, only capital punishment was the guillotine, fair punishments.

57
Q

When was the Assembly’s penal code?

A

September 1791, less severe punishments and less death penalties.

58
Q

When did assignats start being issued?

A

December 1789. Rapidly inflated.

59
Q

When were the gabelle and aides abolished?

A

Gabelle March 1790, aides 1791.

60
Q

What was the Assembly’s ‘patriotic contribution’?

A

Sept 1789, 25% of income from anyone earning over 400 livres a year.

61
Q

What was the 1791 tax system?

A

A land tax, a poll / property tax, and a limited tax on commercial activity.

62
Q

When was the grain trade deregulared?

A

August 1789

63
Q

When were guilds abolished?

A

1791

64
Q

How was everyone addressed under the Assembly?

A

As a citizen, so no ‘master/mistress’. Theoretical social equality.

65
Q

When was the Le Chapelier law under the Assembly?

A

June 1791, no strikes or trade unions allowed.

66
Q

Where did the noble political club meet, and what newspapers did they publish?

A

Salon Francias, L’Ami du Roi was a royalist, satirical publication.

67
Q

What was the Society of 89?

A

Supporters of the constitutional monarchy, high entry fee so mostly bourgeoisie.

68
Q

How many Jacobin clubs were there by August 1790?

A

152

69
Q

How many Jacobin club members were there by the end of 1790?

A

1000

70
Q

When did the Jacobin club reduce membership fees?

A

October 1791, large amounts of artisans joined.

71
Q

When did the breakaway Feuillant Club form?

A

July 1791

72
Q

When was the Cordeliers Club founded?

A

April 1790, left-wing

73
Q

Who were notable Cordeliers members?

A

Danton, Desmoulins, Jean-Paul Marat. Hebert.

74
Q

What were some of the causes of the Flight to Varennes?

A

King being a prisoner in the Tuileries, CCC challenging religious convictions. Pressure from wife and sister for Louis to resist revolutionaries.

75
Q

When did Count Mirabeau die, and what impact did this have?

A

2 April 1791, was the King’s courtier and a member of the NA, acting as a go-between - death led to Flight.

76
Q

How did the political clubs lead to the Flight?

A

Were rapidly growing and becoming increasingly radical, deeply worrying king.

77
Q

What happened when Louis tried to celebrate Easter?

A

18 April 1791, prevented from leaving the Tuileries by a mob with NG support - in defiance of Lafayette.

78
Q

When was the Flight to Varennes?

A

20/21st June

79
Q

Why did the Flight to Varennes fail?

A

Louis rejected advisers’ choice of route, travelled in a 6-horse coach, took too long loading so left without protection.

80
Q

What happened when Louis returned to Paris after the Flight?

A

Citizens kept hats on to show disrespect - clearly sowed doubts about King’s commitment to revolution.

81
Q

When was Louis ‘Temporarily suspended’?

A

16th July 1791 - 290 Assembly deputies abstained from voting as they thought this was too extreme a measure.

82
Q

What did Louis leave before his Flight?

A

A list of complaints, including his opposition to many of the Assembly’s decrees which he had officially accepted.

83
Q

When was the Champ de Mars massacre?

A

17h July 1791

84
Q

What was the Champ de Mars demonstration?

A

6,000 people turned out to sign a petition for the establishment of a republic.

85
Q

What happened at the Champ de Mars massacre?

A

Lafayette was sent by the Assembly to disperse the crowd - stones were thrown, the Guard fired directly into the crowd and killed around 50.

86
Q

What was the Champ de Mars seen as?

A

A betrayal of the people by the moderates, a massacre.

87
Q

When and what was the Declaration of Pillnitz?

A

Issued 27th August 1791, declaration from Austria and Prussia that the French Crown should be restored and they would use force to reinstate Louis.

88
Q

How many pre-rev army officers were emigres by 1791?

A

Around 60%

89
Q

When did the Legislative Assembly first meet?

A

1st October 1791

90
Q

What were the Legislative Assembly’s first decrees?

A

9th Nov - decree against Emigres, threatening perpetual banishment.
29th Nov - decree demanding refractory priests take the oath or be seen as traitors.

91
Q

What happened to the LA’s first decrees?

A

Vetoed by Louis.

92
Q

When did Prussia and Austria make a formal alliance?

A

Feb 1792, promising 20,000 men in a war against France.

93
Q

When did France declare war on Austria?

A

20th April 1792

94
Q

What happened at the battle of Marquain?

A

29th April 1792, French troops retreated as soon as they saw the enemy and massacred one of their officers.

95
Q

What acts did Louis veto following the outbreak of war?

A

Deportation of ref. priests 27th May, disbanding of King’s Guard 29th May, 8th June 20,000 Federe Camp.

96
Q

When and why did Louis dismiss his ministry?

A

13th June, Roland had pleaded with him to undo his suspensory vetoes.

97
Q

When was the 1st major Journee?

A

20th June 1792, anniversary of the TCO. 8,000 involved

98
Q

What happened on the 20th June Journee?

A

Mob marched to Tuileries, demanded that Louis withdraw vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers.

99
Q

What did Louis do at the 20th June Journee?

A

Put on a bonnet rouge and toasted to the nation - making no promises to actually do anything. The crowd withdrew after the Mayor of Paris asked them to.

100
Q

What was the response to the 20th June Journee?

A

Lafayette visited the Assembly 28th June and demanded action against the protestors.

101
Q

What and when was ‘Le partie en danger’?

A

11th June declaration that all men should support the war effort in a spirit of self-sacrifice.

102
Q

When was Robespierre’s first major speech?

A

29th July, that France should become a republic and argued for a National Convention forming.

103
Q

What was the Brunswick Manifesto?

A

Arrived 1st August, warning that French soldiers would be executed and that Paris would be destroyed if harm came to the King.

104
Q

When was the second major Journee?

A

10th August 1792

105
Q

How many participated in the 10th August Journee?

A

20,000 SC and 2,000 federes.

106
Q

How many were defending the king at the 10th August journee?

A

2000-3000 men, 700-800 of them Swiss Guards.

107
Q

What were the casualties of the 10th August journee?

A

Almost all the swiss guard, around 1,000 SC/federes.

108
Q

What happened after the capture of the King on 10th August 1792?

A

Royal family moved to the Temple prison. Assembly declared king ‘temporarily suspended’.

109
Q

What was the aftermath of the 10th August journee?

A

Distinction between active and passive citizens ended, a new Convention promised. Danton made Minister of Justice. All vetoed laws came into force.

110
Q

What law was passed on the 26th August 1792?

A

Ref. priests had 2 weeks to leave or be deported to French Guyana.

111
Q

When did Lafayette defect?

A

19th August defected to Austrians, after an attempt to march on Paris and restore constitution.

112
Q

When was Verdun besieged?

A

News reached Paris on 1st Sept.

113
Q

What acts did Danton pass before the Sept Massacres?

A

30th Aug house searches - 3,000 arrested. 2nd September, conscription on pain of death.

114
Q

When were the September Massacres, and how many died?

A

2-7th Sept 1792, around 1,500 Parisian prisoners.

115
Q

Who were the victims of the September Massacres?

A

Refractory priests, political prisoners, ordinary criminal, clergy.

116
Q

What did the September Massacres do to French politics?

A

Widened the split between the Jacobins and Girondins.

117
Q

What happened in the 1792 elections?

A

No Girondin candidates were elected in Paris, outside Paris many ‘Plain’ deputies were elected.

French Rev Stuff (8 decks)

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