Names

Question 1

William Wundt

Answer 1

-“founding father” of psychology
-Leipzig, Germany in 1879
-Experiment on the “atoms of the mind”
-he would drop a metal ball and ask a subject to hit a lever as a reaction time response
-hit the lever when you know the ball hit the ground
-used scientific techniques to measure a thought

Question 2

William James

Answer 2

• “father of American Psychology”
• taught and studied at Harvard university
• first person to teach psychology courses

Question 3

John Watson

Answer 3

• behaviorist
• applied Pavlov’s classical conditioning to humans
• did a study with a baby Albert by associating a loud sound with rabbits to see if the baby would be scared of rabbits

Question 4

B.F. Skinner

Answer 4

• developed operant conditioning

Question 5

Phineas Gage

Answer 5

-survived having a tamping rod go through the brain
-common case study

Question 6

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 6

• Did a lot of research on memory and discovered the misinformation effect
• “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other”
• “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other”
  -altering memory retrieval

Question 7

Miller’s Law

Answer 7

-Miller did a lot of research on memory
The typical person can hold 7 (give or take) items in their short term memory

Question 8

Tversky & Khaneman

Answer 8

-studied cognitive biases
Discovered the anchoring heuristic, a heuristic that influences how to assess probabilities; the person starts with an implicitly suggested reference point as the first guess, and then adjusts from there to arrive at the final estimate.
They also discovered the representative heuristic and availability heuristic

Question 9

Piaget

Answer 9

Four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

Question 10

Harry Harlow

Answer 10

Harlow monkey studies
- the importance of comfort
- babies also need bonding and security

Question 11

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 11

• researched impact that parents have on the type of attachment that children develop
  -strange situation
  -proposed 4 types of attachment (secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized)

Question 12

Albert Bandura

Answer 12

• experiment involving toy doll (Bobo Doll)
  -introduced observational learning
  -outcome suggests that children observe and mimic other’s behaviors
  -Led to a broader view of behavior, beyond classical and operant conditioning
• social cognitive theory (a large part of what you are is a result of what you observe)

-proposed the concept of reciprocal determinism (it isn’t just the environment that determines how you respond to a situation)(how you think impacts how you behave, how you behave impacts how you think, and the environment impacts how you behave and how you think)
-self efficacy (confidence in how you handle a task)
-observational learning

Question 13

Noam Chomsky understanding of language

Answer 13

According to Noam Chomsky, noted linguist, language is also acquired by our brain’s ability to pick up on patterns (grammar) and then apply them; he coined the term “language acquisition device” in our brain

Question 14

Case of Genie

Answer 14

-girl found in a home trapped in her bedroom
-she had no exposure to language until 13
-she missed the critical periods for language acquisition

Question 15

B.F. Skinner’s understanding of language

Answer 15

-According to B.F. Skinner, language is “learned” via rules of reinforcement
-based on sounds and words we hear in our household environment

Question 16

Julian Rotter

Answer 16

Introduced locus of control
- belief of about where we feel our control comes from
- internal locus of control (I am in control of outcomes)
-external locus of control (outcomes are beyond my control)

Question 17

Walter Mischel

Answer 17

• student of rotter
• The marshmallow test
  -explored self regulation
• those with more self control were found to fair better in high school
• those with poor self control were not as successful

Question 18

Sigmund Freud

Answer 18

• he was a physician
• Was the first to actually look at the unconscious
• personality (Id, Ego, Superego)
• States of consciousness (Unconscious, preconscious, conscious)
  -psychosexual stages of development (Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital state)
• introduced Defense Mechanisms (ways for people to do decrease anxiety)
• the presence of an unconscious
• Reaction formation
  -projection

Question 19

Students of Freud (Neo-Freudian)

Answer 19

• Alfred Adler (humans motivated by desire for superiority)
• Carl Jung (focused on the unconscious)
  -Karen Horney (childhood shaped who we are)

Question 20

Obedience–Stanley Milgram

Answer 20

• One confederate and one subject
  -Researcher with Yale lab coat

-people are told to give shocks

Question 21

Festinger

Answer 21

• he had people turning knobs
• confederate of the research was paid to tell people how interesting an experiment was ($1 or $20)
• the person who was given $20 felt the lie was justified
  -the person given $1 felt guilty for lying for $1

Question 22

Case of Kitty Genovese

Answer 22

Was attacked by a man, and people around her didn’t step in to help
- bystander effect

Question 23

Carl Rogers

Answer 23

client centered therapy