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Bot Med 3 > Nagel Study Guide > Flashcards

Nagel Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

different types of native extracts

A

fresh, liquid, solid

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2
Q

parts of the hollywood method

A

screen writer, star, supporting actor, behind the scenes cast, director, producer

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3
Q

what is a screen writer

A

overall concept

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4
Q

what is a star

A

primary medicinal herb

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5
Q

supporting actor

A

2nd or co-primary herbs

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6
Q

director

A

activator or harmonizing herb

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7
Q

behind the scenes cast

A

supporting backgrounds herbs

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8
Q

producer

A

form of herbal product

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9
Q

native extract aka complex fractions

A

The primary soluble portion of phytochemicals removed from the herb by a liquid solvent and or heat and or pressure, used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution. Quality at the beginning of product.

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10
Q

types of native extracts

A

fresh extracts, liquid extracts of dried plant parts, solid extracts

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11
Q

fresh extract

A

• Fresh juice, Bottled juice, freeze-dried juice, green tincture, mother tincture.

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12
Q

liquid extracts of dried plant parts

A
  • Decoctions, Infusions
  • Hydro-alcoholic (tinctures) 1:2 to 1:10
  • Spagyric extracts
  • Fluid extracts 1 to 1 strength.
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13
Q

solid extract

A

concentrated standardized with original solvent removed, often 2:1 or higher

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14
Q

simplified fractions

A

Secondary extracts of complex fractions to concentrate select compounds , specific chemical portions separated from extracts. Focus on quality at the end product not the beginning. Often thought of uniform mediocrity.
♣ Standardized extracts to specific chemical and ratio, 10 to 1 , 50 to 1.
♣ Volatile oils, Steam or solvent extracted.

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15
Q

isolated constituents

A

o Isolates, Purifiied compounds: phytochemicals that have been separated from their complex natural matrices, single molecular components removed from complex mixture.
♣ Crystalline drug salts
♣ Prescription drugs from natural sources.

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16
Q

Most Complex, Least Processed

A

Whole Herb
Native Extracts
(Complex Fractions)

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17
Q

least side effects

A

-Plant part
-Fresh (undried)
-Frozen
-Dried: freeze, shade, sun, oven (heat)
-Fresh extracts: fresh juice, bottles juice (heated), freeze dried juice or spray dried extracts, preserved juice, green (un-dried) tincture (1:2 – 1:5), homeopathic mother tincture (fresh) 1:10
Liquid extracts of dried plant part: decoctions, infusions (hot or cold), tinctures (water and alcohol 1:2 – 1:5), fluid extracts (1:1)

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18
Q

More side effects

A

Standardized derivatives (concentrated using multiple solvent fractions, 10:1 – 50:1)
• Ex: Ginkgo biloba standard extract, 24/6
• Critical CO2 extracts (new technology)
Fixed (non-volatile) or aromatic (volatile oils)
• Ex: pure Rosemary oil
• Hydrosols
Crystalline drug salts and purified isolated compounds: Ephedrine HCl, Yohimbine HCl, Berberine sulfate

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19
Q

More side effects

A

Standardized derivatives (concentrated using multiple solvent fractions, 10:1 – 50:1)
• Ex: Ginkgo biloba standard extract, 24/6
• Critical CO2 extracts (new technology)
Fixed (non-volatile) or aromatic (volatile oils)
• Ex: pure Rosemary oil
• Hydrosols
Crystalline drug salts and purified isolated compounds: Ephedrine HCl, Yohimbine HCl, Berberine sulfate

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20
Q

• Know the basic guidelines for preventing possible tincture incompatibilities.

A

o Solubility and miscibility
o Fresh vs dried
o Polarity: charge
♣ Polar solvent: (most) water → glycerin → ethanol….
♣ Non-polar: fixed oils
o PH
o Precipitation: alcohol %, tannins, mucilage, Eos
♣ diluting alcohol may cause precipitation; keep similar +/- 20%
♣ Alkaloids: precipitate in alkaline, tannic acids, salicylates; more soluble at acid pH
♣ Oils more soluble at alkaline pH; float to top of water
♣ **always shake tinctures
♣ Mucilage, polysaccharide, fiber: polar, water soluble, precipitate in 25%+ alcohol
o Temperature
o Botanical Matrix
o Solvent Used
o Solvent Percentage

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21
Q

• Understand the advantages and disadvantages of tinctures.

A

o Alcohol:
♣ Adv: natural source, min 25% to preserve, best perservativa & sanitizer, best solvent for 2nd plant constituents, Peripheral circulatory action
• minimal processing, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
♣ Dis: taste, high glycemic index, safety (kids, alcoholics, etc)
• Compliance issues, cost issues
o Glycerin:
♣ Adv: fair solvent, good preservative, low glycemic index, sweet taste
♣ Dis: unnatural/fat saponification; need 65% to stabilize; diarrhea in 1-2 oz

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22
Q

• Understand the advantages and disadvantages of tinctures.

A

o Alcohol:
♣ Adv: natural source, min 25% to preserve, best perservativa & sanitizer, best solvent for 2nd plant constituents, Peripheral circulatory action
• minimal processing, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
♣ Dis: taste, high glycemic index, safety (kids, alcoholics, etc)
• Compliance issues, cost issues
o Glycerin:
♣ Adv: fair solvent, good preservative, low glycemic index, sweet taste
♣ Dis: unnatural/fat saponification; need 65% to stabilize; diarrhea in 1-2 oz

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23
Q

basic cardiovascular herbal activity terms

A

Cardiotonic, Circulatory stimulant: , Peripheral vasodilator, Hypotensive

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24
Q

basic cardiovascular herbal activity terms

A

Cardiotonic, Circulatory stimulant: , Peripheral vasodilator, Hypotensive

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25
Q

Cardiotonic

A

herbs that have a beneficial action on the heart and blood vessels but do not contain cardiac glycosides. Crataegus, Tilia, Allium sativa. Leonurus

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26
Q

Circulatory stimulant

A

A substance that improves blood flow through body tissues and are generally warming: Capsicum, Rosemary, Zingiber,

27
Q

Hypotensive

A

o A substance that reduces blood pressure: Crataegus, Rauwolfia, Coleus, Viscum

28
Q

commonly used herbs for lipid disorders

A 
o	Allium sativum/ Garlic
o	Allium cepa
o	Commiphora 
o	Cynara scolymus/ Artichoke leaf
o	Trigonella foenum-graecum/ Fenugreek: 
o	Monascus purpureus/ Red Yeast Rice: 
o	Glycine max ( lethicin)
29
Q

• commonly used herbs for hypertension

A 
o	Tonic Herbs
o	Crataegus monogyna/ Hawthorne: cardioprotective, 
o	Tilia spp/ Linden (Lime) Tree: 
o	Ginkgo
o	Allium sativum
o	Ocimum sanctum
o	Olive leaf
o	Melissa
o	Leonurus
o	Beta vulgaris root
o	Low Dose Herbs
o	Rauwolfia serpentina: 
o	Veratrum viride: hypertension
o	Gelsemium: also functional heart dz
o	Viscum album/ Mistletoe:
30
Q

• herbal diuretics

A 
o	Foods
Apium graviolens/ Celery  7 stalks a day
o	Petroselinum/  Parsely: 
o	Taraxacum/ Dandelion leaf: bitter, GI
o	Urtica diocia/ Nettle leaf: 
o	Herbs
o	Solidago: 
o	Uva-ursi
o	Equisetum
o	Galium
o	Juniperus
31
Q

why beets are useful in

A

o Beta vulgaris
o For degenerative heart disease
o powerful NO (Nitric oxide) stimulator: acute hypotensive, vasoprotective, anti-platelet
o via bioconversion (lingual bacteria) nitrate → nitrite

32
Q

genius and energetic keys to Crataegus

A

o Doorway to the underworld (connects heart and spirit); Opening doorway of heart and spirit
o Grounding or Opening
o Loss of vision, stuck in a mundane world.
o Profound Strength
o Openness and Giving
o Doorway to light from darkness
o Balance of Opposites
o Compassion, Strength, Flexibility and stuckness

33
Q

important dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia

A

o Dosing:
♣ Whole root: 2 mgs qd-bid
♣ Reperpine: 0.1 – 0.3 mg, bid-tid
♣ Tincture: 0.1 mg reserpine per 4 qtts bid – 8 qtts bid
o Toxicity: best hypotensive with fewest side effects
o Small-mod doses: diarrhea, nasal congestion, drowsy, bradycardia
o Larger doses: for psychosis → PD tremor sxs (reversible)
o Avoid CNS depressants, anti-epileptics
o Possible correlation with Breast Cancer
o Drug interactions: digitoxin, beta-blockers, levodopa
o Reserpine CI: hypersensitivity, depression, peptic ulcer, UC, electroconvulsive tx

34
Q

important dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia

A

o Dosing:
♣ Whole root: 2 mgs qd-bid
♣ Reperpine: 0.1 – 0.3 mg, bid-tid
♣ Tincture: 0.1 mg reserpine per 4 qtts bid – 8 qtts bid
o Toxicity: best hypotensive with fewest side effects
o Small-mod doses: diarrhea, nasal congestion, drowsy, bradycardia
o Larger doses: for psychosis → PD tremor sxs (reversible)
o Avoid CNS depressants, anti-epileptics
o Possible correlation with Breast Cancer
o Drug interactions: digitoxin, beta-blockers, levodopa
o Reserpine CI: hypersensitivity, depression, peptic ulcer, UC, electroconvulsive tx

35
Q

three types of dosing.

A

european, wester, low/drop/homeopathic

36
Q

european dosing

A

focuses on higher pharmacological amounts of plant constituents. 5 mls 3 times a day.

37
Q

western dosing

A

Moderate amounts of medicine. 30 to 60 drop doses.

38
Q

low/drop/homeopathic dosing

A

Small amounts of medicine. 1 to 5 drop doses.

39
Q

important naturopathic concerns about using toxic botanicals.

A

o Toxic! Liability issues
o **dosing and potency of the product. Drops of water (minim) vs tincture
o Highest quality is important; choose suppliers carefully
o Ask for assayed levels of constituents (diff from standardized)
o Consider interactions with compounding
o Don’t make yourself
o Can use homeopathic instead of tincture
o There may be other pharmaceutical alternatives

40
Q

important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals and basic life support methods for overdosing.

A

o 911; poison control: 800-222-1222
o CPR
o Induce vomiting within 1 hr: Ipecac 1 Tbs kids/2 Tbs adults, Lobelia 1 tsp (with coffee)
o Gastric lavage
o Activated charcoal: 30-50 g in water slurry
o Saline cathartics (corrosives)
o Precipitate alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark
♣ =aconite, belladonna, datura, hyoscyamus
**think basic western life support before naturopathic/homeopathic

41
Q

important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals and basic life support methods for overdosing.

A

o 911; poison control: 800-222-1222
o CPR
o Induce vomiting within 1 hr: Ipecac 1 Tbs kids/2 Tbs adults, Lobelia 1 tsp (with coffee)
o Gastric lavage
o Activated charcoal: 30-50 g in water slurry
o Saline cathartics (corrosives)
o Precipitate alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark
♣ =aconite, belladonna, datura, hyoscyamus
**think basic western life support before naturopathic/homeopathic

42
Q

• different categories for herbal pain relief

A

botanical analgesics, anti-inflammatory analgesics, hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics, topical analgesics, central active/low dose hebs

43
Q

botanical analgesics

A

Salicylate Containing Herbs; salix/willow, populous/ cottonwood, Spiraea ulmaria/ meadowsweet

44
Q

anti-inflammatory analgesics

A

Non salicylate containing in general; Actaea racemose, Harpogophytum procumbens; Tanacetum parthenium, Boswellia serrata gum, Zingiber, Curcuma longa, Pigmented fruit

45
Q

hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics

A

Smooth muscle and relaxing, antispasmodics; Scutellaria lateriflora, Eschscholzia californica, Valeriana officinalis, Passiflora incarnate, Piscidia, Lactuca virosa

46
Q

central acting/low dose herbs

A

Opioid and non-opioid, significant side effects; Pulsatilla vulgaris, Gelsemium sempervirens, Bryonia alba, Papaver somniferum, Aconite napella, Corydalis

47
Q

central acting/low dose herbs

A

Opioid and non-opioid, significant side effects; Pulsatilla vulgaris, Gelsemium sempervirens, Bryonia alba, Papaver somniferum, Aconite napella, Corydalis

48
Q

• use of Salix, the pharmacodynamics and dosing.

A

o Use: hemostatic, antipyretic, antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory, astringent; Chronic low back pain
o Pharmacodynamics: derivatives of salicylic acid, mostly salicin; salicin → colon → gut flora convert to salicyl alcohol → absorbed in blood → oxidized in tissue, liver → salycilic acid
o Unlike Aspirin has no inhibitory effect on COX 1 or COX 2; Salicylic acid will have little anti-platelet effect bc lacks acetyl group; direct analgesic effects in CNS by unknown mechanisms
o Dosing: 60-240 mg salicin daily; Bark 1-20 g TID; Tincture 5-8 mL TID 1:5 25% Etoh; Tea is difficult dt taste

49
Q

• how the berries affect pain and inflammation

A

o Tart cherries: Bioactive anthocyanin pigments, esp cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) → ↓CRP
o Blackberry: polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids; potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
o Blueberries, raspberries, Aronia berry, Strawberry, Grapes, Cranberry and much more.

50
Q

herbal actions to treat allergies

A

bronchodilators, anti-microbial, astringent, immunomodulators, decongestants, anticatarral, adaptogens

51
Q

common actions • to treat allergies, sinusitis, otitis, conjunctivitis and pharyngitis.

A

anti-microbial, adrenal support, anti-inflammatory, astringents, immunomodulator, lymphagogue, nutritive

52
Q

formula for acute allergy relief

A 
o	Ephedra		1 part
o	Hydrastis		1 part
o	Euphrasia		1 part
o	Urtica leaf		2 parts
o	Solidago		2 parts
53
Q

formula for acute allergy relief

A 
o	Ephedra		1 part
o	Hydrastis		1 part
o	Euphrasia		1 part
o	Urtica leaf		2 parts
o	Solidago		2 parts
54
Q

herbals actions for sinusitis

A

decongestants, immune, anticatarral, mucolytic

55
Q

formal for sinusitis

A

steam inhalation w/ oils (menthe, eucalyptus, tea trea, thyme, wintergreen)

56
Q

otitis formula

A

ear drops: 2-4 drops warm oil (garlic in olive oil, calendula, hypericum, verbascum

57
Q

herbal actions for conjunctivitis

A

antimicrobial, demulcent, astringent

58
Q

formula for conjunctivitis

A

eye drops: calendula and hydrastis (1:1) infusion

59
Q

formula for pharyngitis

A

MEMP or HEMP tincture, gargle, swallow…or essential oil gargle w/ thymus oil

60
Q

formula for pharyngitis

A

MEMP or HEMP tincture, gargle, swallow…or essential oil gargle w/ thymus oil

61
Q

how freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas

A

o Keeps stinging hairs intact, doesn’t deactivate constituents

62
Q

basics of freeze drying.

A

o Water removed via sublimation
o Material first frozen to -30C, low pressure applied
o All water removed via sublimation before material is allowed to warm to RT

63
Q

indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops.

A

o Indications: otitis interna??

o CI: ruptures drums or myringotomy

Bot Med 3 (5 decks)

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