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Bot Med 3 > Condensed Nagel > Flashcards

Condensed Nagel Flashcards

1
Q

what are isolated constituents

A

separated out phytochemicals

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2
Q

what are simplified fractions

A

aka isolated constituents: standardized extracts and volatile oils

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3
Q

what is a native extract

A

The primary soluble portion of phytochemicals removed from the herb by a liquid solvent and or heat and or pressure, used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution. Quality at the beginning of product.

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4
Q

part of creating an herbal formula by the Hollywood method

A

screen writer, star (primary medicinal herb), supporting actors (2nd or co primary herb), behind the scenes case (supporting background herbs), director (activators, harmonizers), producer

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5
Q

basic guidelines for preventing possible tincture incompatibilities

A
  • Certain things to consider: polarity, pH, solubility, precipitation, temp, solvent used, solvent %
  • You want alcohol content similar (low with low, not low with high)
  • Do not add too many herbs
  • Needs to taste good
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6
Q

alkaloid tinctures

A

precipitated by tannins, more water soluble at acidic pH, oil soluble at alkaline pH

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7
Q

what’s good for stabilizing tannins?

A

glycerin

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8
Q

essential oil tinctures

A

they float to the top with water, need to emulsify or put in veg oils/other oils

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9
Q

mucilage and polysaccharide tinctures

A

fall out of alco > 25%

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10
Q

basic tincuture methods

A

made according to the ratio of WEIGHT OF HERB to VOLUME

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11
Q

what is a menstuum (for tinctures)

A

liquid solvent that you use to extract plant constituents from an herb (water extracts but not good solvent) most often alcohol is used, also glycerin

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12
Q

General Alcohol % for tinctures

A

Alcohol % is based on best ratio for total extraction of medicinal agents
-When in doubt 45%

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13
Q

How to extract polysacc or starch

A

in water infusion/decoction

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14
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of alkaloids

A

75-95%

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15
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Glycosides

A

In alcohol + water 60-85%

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16
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Tannins

A

60-85%

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17
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Resins

A

85-95%

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18
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Essential Oils

A

85-95%

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19
Q

what is maceration good for

A

cheap, easy but can take a long time. Good for mucilages

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20
Q

about percolation

A

fast and easy but need special equipment

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21
Q

fresh plant tincture info

A

inherent dilution because you are getting moisture from plant and require a lot of menstrum

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22
Q

advantages and disadvantages of tinctures

A
  • Adv: constituents efficiently extracted with minimal processing, alc preserves, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
  • Dis: contain alc- health and religious concerns, compliance issues, cost issues
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23
Q

herbs considered at risk

A

o •American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
o •Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
o •Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
o •Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
o •Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
o •Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
o •False UnicornRoot - Chamaelirium luteum
o •Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
o •Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
o •Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum Debatable according to Micheal Pilarski
o •Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
o •Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
o •Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
o •Sundew - Drosera spp.
o •Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
o •True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
o •Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
o •Virginina Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
o •Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.
o A lot of them are Appelacian herbs

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24
Q

importance and effect of sugar on cardiovascular health

A

o Sugar is a big problem- hepatotoxin

o Fructose- promotes metabolic syndrome

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25
Q

basic cardiovascular herbal activity terms and definitions

A

o Cardiotonic= herbs with beneficial action on heart and bld vessels but NO cardiac glycosides
o Circulatory stimulant= improves bld flow thru body tissues, warming
o Peripheral vasodilator= dilates peripheral bld vessels and improves circulation
o Hypotensive= reduces BP

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26
Q

Commonly used herbs for lipid disorders

A 
o	Allium (garlic)
o	Guggul (Commiphora mukul)
o	Cynara (artichoke)
o	Trigonella (fenugreek)- one of Dr. Nagels favs
o	Monascus (red rice yeast)
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27
Q

commonly used herbs for hypertension

A 
o	Tonic and low dose herbs
o	Crataegus
o	Tilia (Ocimum)
o	Beta vulgaris (beets)
o	Ginkgo
o	Allium
o	Ocimum
o	Olive leaf
o	Melissa
o	leonurus
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28
Q

herbal diuretics

A

o Sildago, uva-ursi, equisetum, galium, juniperus

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29
Q

why beets are useful in hypertension

A 
o	Vasodilation
o	Beta vulgaris
o	Long used for lv tonic and food
o	Powerful NO stimulator, lower BP, DJD
o	Contains nitrates
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30
Q

genius and energetic keys to Crataegus

A 
o	Rosaceae (rose family)
o	Energetics: balance, profound strength and openness, dorrway to underworld
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31
Q

important dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia (low dose)

A

o Actions and potential side effects- dose dependent
o Uses: snake bites
o Know about DOSING!
o Know SE slide- small to moderates doses0 D, nasal congestion, larger doses for tx of psychosis can cause Parkinson like symptoms
♣ Warning when treating patient with mental depression

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32
Q

Monascus purpureus

A

= Red Rice Yeast
o Species of mold
o Fermented food in chian that makes statins
o Does not treat underlying cause but a way to get people off statin drugs- dec cholesterol

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33
Q

Cynara scolymus

A

= artichoke leaf
o Caffeic acid derrivative (cynarin)
o Very bitter

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34
Q

Commiphora mukul

A

= Guggul
o Resin
o Anti-hyperlipidemia
o Great first aid remedy ON CUTS- forms bandage on wound

35
Q

Trigonella foenum -.graecum

A

= Fenugreek
o Dr Nagels favorite for lipid problems
o High soluble fiber
o For managing both types of DM

36
Q

Allium sativum

A

= garlic
♣ Alliin- very volatile and potent when garlic is crushed. Degrades after 20-30 minutes
♣ Take with food and fats

37
Q

Crataegus monogyna

A 
= hawthorne
o	Tonic herb
o	For HTN, with NO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
o	For the heart
o	Do not use with hypotensive meds
38
Q

Viscum album

A

= mistletoe

-sedative, hypotensive, vasodilator

39
Q

Rauwolfia serpentina

A

= indian snakeroot
o LOW DOSE HERB
o Hypotensive (one of the biggest hypotensive herbs), sedative, tranquilizer
o Contains reserpine

40
Q

drop/low dosing

A

small amt, 1-5 gtts

41
Q

western dosing

A

moderate amts of medicine, 30-60 gtts

42
Q

european dosing

A

higher pharm amts of plant constituents, 5 mls TID

43
Q

important naturopathic concerns about using toxic botanicals.

A 
o	high quality is important
o	choose a good supplier
o	ask for assayed levels of potent components
o	consider intarctions with compounding
o	toxicity is always about dosing
o	small window of error
44
Q

important signs of overdosing and toxicity with the solanaceous alkaloids (deadly nightshades)

A 
o	Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
o	Inc intra-ocular pressure)
o	Reduction in all bodily secretions
o	Inhibit vagus nerve= tachycardia
o	Inc CO and Inc BL
o	Reduced tone in smm mm= vasdilation
o	Bronchial dilation
o	Reduced peristalsis
o	Dipolia
o	fibrillation
45
Q

important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals and basic life support methods for overdosing.

A

o Contact emergency services, poison control
o CPR
o Minimize absorption of toxin- induce vomit within 1 hour or less (if non corrosive)
♣ Ipecac syrup
o Gastric lavage +/- activated charcoal (30-50 gms in water slurry)
o Precipitations of alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark (ex- aconite, bell, datura, hyos)

46
Q

what is lobelia for

A

o vomiting, for blocked nerve energy. Helps in a day or 3 days
♣ stop smoking, for asthma
♣ nicotinic receptors- safer for tobacco users because those rec are stimulated more- can increase dose for smokers

47
Q

what happens if someone takes too much of a toxic herb

A

charcoal slurry, basic CPR guidelines

48
Q

dram to gtts

A

one dram = 60 gtts

49
Q

oz to gtts

A

1 oz = 480 gtts

50
Q

minim to water

A

1 minim = 1 drop water

51
Q

On average, 45% tinctures has how many gtts per average drop of water

A

2.4 gtts per average drop of water

52
Q

drop to mls

A

1 drop = 0.06 mls

53
Q

Lobelia inflata

A

= puke weed
o Most useful
o Toxicity- vomit, weakness, stupor, tremors, pinpoint pupils
o Dosing:
♣ emetic dose: 1 tsp of drY herb in 1 glass of water (boiling makes it inactive)
♣ Seeds most active, green plant tincture and vinegar used more for asthma
♣ Tincture: 1:8 60% EtOH dried, 1.6ml TID
♣ General rule: mo more than 10% lobelia in any formula

54
Q

Aconitum nap

A

= wolfsbane
o Based on aspect of fear,death great restlessness
o At first signs of death
o One of the most toxic, small amt stimulates but large amt depresses then kills

55
Q

Gelsemium sempervirens

A

for HTN

56
Q

Atropa belladonna

A

o narcotic, sedative, resp spasmolytic, anodyne
o to treat GI disturbances
o must give physostigmine 2mg IV to treat toxicity

57
Q

Bryonia alba

A

o Bryonia: homeopathically, herbally= both fall in line
o Anti-hypertensive formula, diaphoretic
o Contain curcurbitacins- relax sm mm

58
Q

Veratrum virde

A

o low dose veratrum: masturbation, pinpoint pupils
o For HTN
o LILY FAMILY
o Acts similar to aconite- for full pulse, cough, HA, wt in epigastrium, rapid heart, convulsive conditions

59
Q

common herbal treatments for pain by NDs

A

botanical analgesics, anti-inflammatory analgesics

60
Q

botanical analgesics

A

salicylate containing herbs

61
Q

anti-inflammatory analgesics

A 
♣	Non- calicylate containing in general
♣	Hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics
•	Smooth m and relaxing, antispasmodics
♣	Topical analgesics
•	Localized tx, less digestive issues
♣	Centrally Acting (CNS)/ Low dose herbs
•	Opiod and non opiod, sign side effects
62
Q

use of Salix, the pharmacodynamics and dosing.

A 
o	Willow- not acetylated so activated thru DIGESTION. Then circulated thru the system- bipases what NSAIDS cannot- poor digestion
o	Does not offend the platelets
o	Can thin the blood but not like drugs
o	Salicin
o	Lots of research about it
63
Q

best herbs and methods for topical pain relief

A

o Arnica- acute onset. Both homeopathically and herbal. As tincture, low dose
o Wintergreen – oil, salicylate, absorbed in bldstrm, kidney problems, tiger balm, issue- sources
o Capsicum: inhib substance P, hot at beginning but then after time it doesn’t burn as much, potential SE- other membranes affected,

64
Q

how the berries affect pain and inflammation

A

o Tart Cherries- also for gout, as effective as NSAIDS. Have to take long term for a positive effect
o Fruit will work for inflammation
o Black raspberry: anticancer effects
♣ 50gms freeze dried for cancer

65
Q

Salix spp

A

= willow
o Contain salicylates (salicin)- bitter
o Note: more anagesic than aspirin and fewer side effects. Great at weining people off of prescription analgesics

66
Q

Harpogophytum procumbens

A

= devils claw

o Pain due to inflamm, arthr, myalgia

67
Q

Tanacetum parthenium

A

= feverfew

-for migraine prevention and HA, jt pain and arthritis

68
Q

Boswellia serrata

A

for inflammatory conditions of joints and bowels

69
Q

cimicifuga

A

cramp bark

70
Q

curcuma longa

A

tumeric

71
Q

zingiber officinale

A

ginger

72
Q

prunus cerasus

A

tart cherries

73
Q

rubus fruiticosus

A

blackberry

74
Q

rubus occidentalis

A

black raspberry

75
Q

common actions needed to treat allergies, sinusitis, otitis, conjunctivitis and pharyngitis.

A

anti-microbial, adrenal support, mucolytic, anti-inflamm, antitussive, astringents, bronchodilator, demulcents, decongestant, expectorant: soothing/irritating, immunomod, lymphogogue, nutritive

76
Q

Seasonal allergy herbal actions

A

antimicrobials, astringent, immunodilators, decongestants, anticatarral, adaptogens
o Sinusitits: HEMP Formula

77
Q

how freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas.

A

o Preserve the stinging hairs!
o Stinging hairs are intact: 5-HTP. Still has its effects
o Prevents degradation of fresh plant material.
o Stops enzymatic conversions during drying.

78
Q

basics of freeze drying.

A

o Changes the form of the plant. Solid to gas without liquid phase. It is fresh in the dried form
o Stabilizes herbs: freeze in compressor- air is sucked out

79
Q

indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops

A 
o	Herbal Ear drops
o	Visualize ear drum
o	2-4 drops of warm oil not cold,
o	Morning and night with cotton.
o	Watch for bloody discharge or pus
o	Not with patients with ruptured drums or myringotomy
80
Q

Euphrasia officinalis

A

= ma Huang
o Euphrasia- hard to get, name “eyebright”, substitute mullein flowers for it
o Euphedra Ma Haung: banned- ht stimulant- wt loss, bronchiodilator (can get from Mountain rose)
o For: resp bronchitis, bronchodilator, asthma, nasal congestion, obesity
o Toxicity >300mg= insomnia, motor resltessness, V, inc BP tachycardia

81
Q

hydrastis root

A

= goldenseal

-mucus membrane tonic, no effect on viruses, can be used topically

82
Q

Verbascum

A

= mullein
o Part: leaf and flowers
o Soft to touch but have irritating hairs
o Uses: generally for expectorant, demulcent, anti-catarrhal and vulnerary
o Constit: arabinogalactans, flavenoids, iridoid monoterpenes, saponins and sterols

83
Q

Propolis

A

o vegetable glue made by honeybees from resins collected on bark and buds of certain trees and balsamic plants
o Constit: aromatic oils, pollen, flavonoids, Aas B vit. Abx substances
o Act: antivac, antiviral, antiseptic, antifungal, antibiotic properties
o Dose: the darker, the more pure- sticky and pooly sol in water

84
Q

Lomatium dissectum

A

= biscuit root
o Anti-biotic, anti0viral, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-catarral, emmenagogue
o Supreme lung herb- strengthens alveolar sacs
o Contain coumarins and ess oil
o For influenza, sweating and fever, herpes

Bot Med 3 (5 decks)

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