N393 Midterm

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

State in which homeostasis is threatened; can be actual or perceived (capable of endangering homeostasis)

Question 2

Stressor

Answer 2

Anything that throws or has the potential to throw the body out of homeostasis; vary in duration, frequency

Question 3

Stress response

Answer 3

relatively stereotypic; innate response that has evolved to coordinate homeostasis and protect an organism during acute stress (good thing, it is protective)

Question 4

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 4

Alarm –> Fight or Flight
Resistance –> Adaptation
Exhaustion –> No recovery

Question 5

Purpose of Alarm

Answer 5

Protection

Question 6

Purpose of Resistance

Answer 6

Getting to homeostasis and creating new baseline

Question 7

HPA Axis

Answer 7

Alarm phase

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Activates two systems: SNS and Adrenal Cortex

This is protective, life saving measures, heightened senses, circulation

Question 8

HPA SNS Response

Answer 8

1. Hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus in the internal environment
2. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
3. Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

Question 9

HPA Adrenal Cortex Response

Answer 9

1. Hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus in the internal environment
2. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
3. Anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone)

Question 10

Resistance- what is happening

Answer 10

2 options:

1. Mobilize resources to manage stressors (growth & repair from damage to body)
2. Function at new baseline
   Ex: COPD 88% oxygen saturation

Question 11

Exhaustion

Answer 11

If stress continues, can not get back to homeostasis will lead to:

1. depleted energy
2. chronic heart issue

Ex: if something is not managed properly, it will lead to exhaustion … hypertension, heart disease, obesity, chronic health issues

Question 12

Homeostasis & Stress

Answer 12

Sensors: see, hear, feel something

CNS Control center: Hypothalamus

Effector: PA (of HPA) & SNS response

Question 13

CNS Response with Catecholamines Response

Answer 13

-promotions arousal, attention & vigilance

in addition to, SNS response chart

Question 14

Adrenocortical Steroids Response

Answer 14

Cortisol & Aldosterone

Cortisol: long term negative effects

Metabolism: gluconeogenesis, anabolic & catabolc effects increase appetite (stress eat)

Inflammation & infection: initially enhanced and then won’t heal

Support the work of catecholamines (cortisol helps epi and norepi)

Fluid balance- sodium and water retention (increases blood pressure to get blood where it needs to go and prevents needing to pee)

Question 15

Long term consequences of stress: behavioral and somatic

Answer 15

Behavioral: anxiety, depression, poor sleep

Somatic (physical): fatigue, growth suppression, obesity, frequent infection, slow healing, chronic headache

Question 16

Populations at greater risk for chronic stress

Answer 16

single parents, low SES, students, new immigrants, substance abuse, education level, minorities/non-whites

Question 17

Adaptation & Coping

Answer 17

Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of changing and adjusting in response to new or altered circumstances

Coping: behavioral adaptation

Question 18

ACEs

Answer 18

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Question 19

ACEs Possible Risk Outcomes

Answer 19

Behavior: lack of physical activity, smoking, alcoholism, drug use, missed work

Physical & Mental Health: severe obesity, diabetes, depression, suicide attempts, STDs, heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, broken bones

Question 20

Types of ACEs

Answer 20

Abuse: physical, emotional, sexual

Neglect: physical, emotional

Household Dysfunction: mental illness, mother treated violently, divorce, incarcerated relative, substance abuse

Question 21

Dose response relationship

Answer 21

the more you have (ACE) the more likely to have negative health consequences