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med at prep > n > Flashcards

n Flashcards

1
Q

A special type of cell cycle that forms gametes is called:

A

d) reduction division

meiosis

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2
Q

The plasmatic membrane of cells is:

A

characterized by selective permeability

semipermeable

a structure that separates the cell from the environment

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3
Q

One of the important metabolic processes in the cell in which new protein molecules are produced is called:

A

c) proteosynthesis

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4
Q

The basic functions of the cell include:

A

cellular metabolism

energy flow

flow of information

reproduction

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5
Q

Chromosomes can be found:

A

in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

in the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells

in chloroplasts

in mitochondria

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6
Q

The ability of a cell to absorb microorganisms is called:

A

phagocytosis

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7
Q

Exogenous biorhythms:

A

1) depend on the roguray thesomena of the external environment
b) depend on the alternation of the seasons
c) depend on the alternation of sexual activity cycles
d) depend on the alternation of light and darkness
e) depend on the tide and outflow
f) may occur seasonally
§) they can be completcly separated from endogenous ones
h) are related to endogenous

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8
Q

Which organic substances belong to most abundant in blood plasma:

A

proteins

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9
Q

Endocrine glands exclude secretions:

A

into the inner environment of the organism

into the blood

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10
Q

What is the body’s response to a change in hormone levels like:

A

it is not immediate

is slower than in the nerve regulation

gradually decreases as hormones are metabolized

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11
Q

What function do the testicles have:

A

b) to produce male germ cells

to produce testosterone

sperms are formed there
mixed, they produce gametes and hormones

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12
Q

Defensive reflexes of the respiratory system are:

A

coughing
b) sneezing/
coughing and sneezing

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13
Q

A defensive reflex of the digestive system:

A

a) is vomiting
c) may be caused by the irritation of the stomach
e) can be caused by the irritation of the digestive tract/

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14
Q

Irritation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi provokes:

A

c) coughing
d) defensive reflexes of the respiratory system

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15
Q

Hormones:

A

b) are often proteins/
c) some are steroids
e) some are arenes
f are not the source of energy
g) are not the building blocks of the body

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16
Q

The form of the signal on which the receptor is the most sensitive is called:

A

a) the reasonable stimulus
b) the adequate stimulus

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17
Q

Which inorganic chemical substance is the most common in human urine.

A

water

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18
Q

Which inorganic substances are mainly excreted by in urine:

A

c) chlorides

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19
Q

From a functional point of view, which systems we recognize in the circulation
system:

A

distributional
b) diffuse
c) collection

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20
Q

In which animals the enzymes are produced in the salivary glands:

A

in omnivores

birds

pigeons

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21
Q

Are vitamins the source of energy:

A

they are not the source of energy

fat-soluble are not the source of energy
h) water-soluble are not the source of energy

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22
Q

What is the function of capillaries:

A

the passage of dissolved nutrients from the blood into intercellular spaces takes place
there
d) the exchange of breathing gases takes place there
e) the exchange of O2 a CO2 takes place there

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23
Q

The metabolism is controlled:

A

by hormones

by nerves

by hormones and nerves

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24
Q

The myocardium is:

A

regulated from its headquarters and working as a whole

an involuntary, striated muscle

controlled by autonomic nerves
(f) controlled by vegetative nerves

structurally similar to the skeletal muscle and functionally to the smooth muscle

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25
Q

Which nerve fibres transmit the signal from the skin receptor to the brain:

A

centripetal

centripetal fibres, which convey impulses into the posterior radix of the spine

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26
Q

Excitement at the synapse is transmitted through:

A

acetylcholine

noradrenalin

mediators

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27
Q

The small intestine’s mucosal surface is enlarged by:

A

(a) the long length of the organ

villi
c) protuberances
d) microvilli

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28
Q

Who discovered the neuron:

A

J.E. Purkyne

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29
Q

The most important organ of the metabolism is:

A

a) the liver

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30
Q

The liver is responsible for:

A

the production of plasmatic proteins

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31
Q

Skeletal muscles:

A

are responsible for the movement of the organism

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32
Q

The conditioned reflex arises:

A

by the effect of two stimuli from which one is biologically significant for the organism

as a temporary connection between areas that are activated with two stimuli

after delivery

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33
Q

The pancreas:

A

produces insulin

e) is located in the abdominal cavity
f) produce glucagon

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34
Q

The hormone:

A

b) performs hormonal regulation of various functions
c) is produced in special tissues
d) affects the cells in the target tissues
f) has only regulatory (control) effects
g) affects only cells with the specific receptor

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35
Q

The lymph nodes capture:

A

microorganisms
b) toxins
c) dust particles

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36
Q

The excretion of the parathyroid hormone is affected by:

A

b) the calcium level in extracellular fluid
c) the blood calcium level
e) plasma levels of calcium
g) the parathyroid activity

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37
Q

Which of these glands is not a true gland with the internal secretion:

A

neurohypophysis

the posterior pituitary lobe

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38
Q

Which substances does amylase break down

A

starch
d) polysaccharides

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39
Q

Which hormones do cells of pancreatic islets excrete in higher vertebrates:

A

insulin

glucagon

hormones involved in the carbohydrate metabolism

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40
Q

Where does the external breathing of mammals occur:

A

in the lungs

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41
Q

Unconditioned reflexes are:

A

congenital
b) permanent in number
(c) species-specific

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42
Q

In which part of the vascular system, the process of exchanging substances between blood and tissue fluid is localized:

A

in the smallest blood vessels
c) in capillaries
d) in the diffusive system

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43
Q

Reflexes that are formed during the life of an individual are:

A

conditioned

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44
Q

What groups of biorhythms we know:

A

endogenous and exogenous

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45
Q

What did vertebrates develop to protect themselves from foreign substances that have entered the organism:

A

the immune system

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46
Q

Homeostasis is:

A

the stability of the internal environment

the maintenance of the balanced state

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47
Q

The smallest amount of energy needed to keep the life in the fully relaxed state, on an empty stomach and at an optimal temperature, is called:

A

basal metabolism

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48
Q

Energy gained from the enzymatic breakdown of substances is transformed into:

A

chemical energy
b) mechanical energy

electricity
d) osmotic energy
e) light energy

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49
Q

The back part of the brain of the higher vertebrates consists of:

A

B) the spotonged spinal cord
c) the bridge
d) the little brain

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50
Q

The nervous system in vertebrates is comprised of:

A

a) the central nervous system
c) peripheral nerves
d) the peripheral nervous system

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51
Q

The central nervous system of higher vertebrates includes:

A

a) the cerebral cortex
b) the brain
c) the spinal cord
e) the rear part of the brain
f) the midbrain
g) the frontal part of the brain

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52
Q

The bigger part of the energy that is created by the enzymatic breakdown of substances and not biologically used is eventually transformed into:

A

heat

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53
Q

The basic components of the biological regulatory system include:

A

a) the efferent track
b) feedback
c) the integrated nervous centre
an executive body
a sensory organ

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54
Q

The small intestine in humans:

A

4 to 5
3 to 3.5
h) begins with the duodenum

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55
Q

The infant’s period in humans:

A

a) is characterized by intense growth
b) is characterized by locomotor and psychological development
d) ends at 1 year
e) the sucking reflex is present
(1) puts great demands on a proper diet

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56
Q

Release of a human egg from Graaf follicle and its migration into the fallopian tube occurs:

A

on the 12th to 14th day of the menstrual cycle

the ovulation phase

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57
Q

Red blood cells in humans:

A

there are about 5 x 1012 in one litre of blood in men

there are about 4.3 x 1012 in one litre of blood in women

fin one litre of blood in a woman they contain approximately 140 g of haemoglobin
in one litre of blood in a man they contain approximately 150 g of haemoglobin

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58
Q

What does the accommodative muscle enable:

A

c) arching of the eye lens
e) adapting the optical system of the eye to a different distance
f) the possibility of the sharp vision of objects with healthy eyes

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59
Q

Pepsin is excreted in humans as:

A

ineffective pepsinogen
Pepsinogen into the strongly acidic environment of the stomach

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60
Q

Agglutinogens are:

A

specific molecules on the red blood cell surface membrane

erythrocyte antigens

antigens determining the blood group

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61
Q

Smooth muscles are controlled by:

A

b) autonomic nerves
d) the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
e) some hormones
f) nerves
g) the sympathetic nervous system h the parasympathetic nervous system

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62
Q

Which of the joints of the human body is the most complex and one of the most burdened:

A

the knee joint

the joint of femur and tibia

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63
Q

What is the building unit of a skeletal muscle:

A

the transversally striated muscle fibre

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64
Q

What forms the reticular formation of the brain:

A

c) a vast array of nerve cells that pass through the extended spinal cord - up to the diencephalon

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65
Q

How many muscles approximately does a human have:

A

600

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66
Q

What percentage of the body weight is the weight of the average women muscles:

A

32%

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67
Q

The midbrain of a human is the centre of:

A

unconditioned visual and auditory reflexes

ensuring eye movements in the direction of the respective stimuli

g) ensuring the position changes of the head in the direction of the respective stimuli

h) ensuring the movements of the whole body in the direction of the respective stimuli

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68
Q

The human cerebellum participates in the:

A

coordination of motion functions
b) control of muscle tension
maintaining the upright position of the body
(h) control of motion fluency

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69
Q

whetorinemat important voluntary sphincters belong to the muscle of the pelvis:

A

the external sphincter of the urethra
e) the outer anal sphincter

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70
Q

Head muscles from the functional point of view include the:

A

d) chewing muscles that move the mandible

e) mimic muscles that move the skin

mimic muscles that create a facial expression

h) muscles of larynx, important for breathing and phonation

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71
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system:

A

reflex

response to a stimulus mediated by the reflex arc

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72
Q

What is the most complex feature of higher nervous activity:

A

learning

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73
Q

The skeleton of the lower limb includes the:

A

thigh bone
c) tibia
d) pelvis
e) fibula
t) patella

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74
Q

Insulin:

A

increases the use of glucose in tissues

increases the storage of glycogen in the liver

c) increases the storage of glycogen in muscles

d) reduces the level of glucose in the blood

its deficiency causes the development of diabetes

influences the transport of glucose into cells

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75
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do humans have:

A

five

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76
Q

The connection between axons and dendrites is a:

A

synapse
link

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77
Q

Which parts of the neuron lead the impulse to the cell’s body?

A

dendrites

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78
Q

The control centre for breathing is in the:

A

medulla oblongata

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79
Q

The respiratory system of humans includes the:

A

airways
b) nasal cavity
c) windpipe
lungs
g) larynx
bronchi

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80
Q

Breast milk:

A

contains antibodies
c) supplies the necessary nutrients
d) is the most natural and most appropriate food
(e) is always fresh and sterile f has the right temperature
B) is the best food for child’s digestion

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81
Q

The vertebrate neurons contain:

A

a) the axon
b) the body, neurites and dendrites
c) the nucleus
d) the cell body
e) an input section
f) a conductive section

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82
Q

Vitamin C:

A

a) is important for maintaining the proper bone status
is important for maintaining the proper state of dentin
d) is important for maintaining the proper condition of the cartilage
e) is important for the collagen synthesis
increases the immunity of organism against infectious diseases
h) is important for atherosclerosis prevention

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83
Q

What is the other name for vitamin B6:

A

pyridoxine

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84
Q

A human with blood type 0 has these agglutinins:

A

anti-A and anti-B, which are present in blood plasma

anti-A and anti-B

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85
Q

During puberty:

A

sexual glands begin to excrete hormones
c) regular maturation of sex cells begins
d) secondary sexual traits develop
e) sexual feelings appear

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86
Q

The sucking reflex:

A

is congenital

is present in the infant’s period

f) belongs to unconditional reflexes

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87
Q

What is the principle of the blood group properties system:

A

the existence of agglutinogens and agglutinin

c) the role of agglutinins in binding with red blood cells

e) the existence of two components - agglutinogen and antibodies

the existence of two components - agglutinogens and agglutinins

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88
Q

The adult human erythrocytes are formed:

A

in the bone marrow of short bones
in the bone marrow of flat bones

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89
Q

During the delivery in humans:

A

a) muscles of the uterus contract

b) the foetus is expelled from the uterus

d) autonomous nerves are involved in the control of the process of delivery

e) hormones are involved in the control of the process of delivery

f) the cervix and the birth canal open

h) placental expulsion occurs

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90
Q

Which parts does a neuron have from the functional point of view?

A

input
output

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91
Q

Humans hear sound waves with frequency:

A

2000 Hz
75 kHz
20 Hz
5000 Hz

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92
Q

The Graafian follicle after an egg release:

A

changes to yellow body

b) changes to the corpus luteum

begins to produce progesterone in the luteal phase

h) begins to produce gestagens in the secretion phase

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93
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

an area where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter the eye

an area on the retina with no photosensitive cells

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94
Q

Insulin in humans is secreted in:

A

the Langerhans islet cells of the pancreas

some pancreatic cells/

some cells of the pancreas

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95
Q

The spot of the sharpest vision is:

A

the yellow spot

the central fovea of the retina

a place of accumulation of cone cells in the retina

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96
Q

Head muscles which move the skin include:

A

mimic muscles

eye sphincters

mouth sphincters

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97
Q

Bone articulation:

A

a) is a contact connection of bones

c) has contact surfaces lined with the cartilage

e) has a joint capsule reinforced by ligaments

f) has synovial fluid inside the joint

g) contains fluid that nourishes the cartilage

h) is usually formed by the fossa and the head

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98
Q

Urine formation begins in the:

A

renal body

glomerule and the Bowman’s capsule

Malpighian body

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99
Q

Which vitamin deficiency has not been described in humans?

A

B5

pantothenic acid

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100
Q

The basic taste sensation is the perception of:

A

sweet
sour
bitter
salty

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101
Q

in which part of the human brain is the centre for smell

A

on the lower surface of the frontal lobes

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102
Q

What percentage of children have congenital luxation of the hip joint?

A

about 2%

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103
Q

Haemoglobin (especially in infants) due to an increased supply of nitrogenous substances to the body changes to:

A

methemoglobin

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104
Q

What belongs to connective tissues?

A

bone tissue

ligaments

cartilages

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105
Q

Where is the conscious activity of an individual formed?

A

in the cerebral cortex
in the pallium

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106
Q

The patellar reflex is triggered by a hit to:

A

the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh under the patella

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107
Q

The yellow body produces:

A

progesterone

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108
Q

The Graafian follicles secrete:

A

oestrogens

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109
Q

The ovaries produce:

A

sex hormones

estrogens

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110
Q

Which hormones increase the resistance of the body against stress?

A

adrenal glands hormones and glucocorticoids

adrenaline

noradrenaline

cortisol

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111
Q

Which hormone controls water management in vertebrates and humans?

A

vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone

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112
Q

Which vitamin is involved in oxygenation events in all cells?

A

B2
riboflavin
lactoflavin

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113
Q

Which of these vitamins is very unstable?

A

vitamin C

ascorbic acid

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114
Q

The average weight of the human brain is:

A

1300g

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115
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies can be generated when:

A

the mother is Rh-negative and the child Rh-positive

Rh-positive blood cells get into the bloodstream of the Rh-negative individual

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116
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes the beriberi disease?

A

B1

aneurine

thiamine

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117
Q

Astigmatism:

A

belongs to refractive errors
is an uneven curvature of the cornea
manifested by a vague vision

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118
Q

Where is the subjective perception of the head position and its changes in humans realized?

A

in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex

in the cerebral cortex

119
Q

Hydrochloric acid produces an acidic environment in the stomach of humans which:

A

prevents degradation of vitamin B1

destroys many disease-causing micro-organisms

facilitates the absorption of some minerals

prevents the degradation of vitamins B2 and C

is essential for the action of pepsin

120
Q

The glucocorticoid secretion is controlled:

A

from the diencephalon via the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

c) from the hypothalamus via adenohypophysis

from the hypothalamus via the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

f) from the diencephalon via adenohypophysis

121
Q

The laryngeal muscles are involved in:

A

breathing

phonation

122
Q

Which digestive enzymes are excreted into the colon in humans?

A

none

123
Q

In protein digestion in the stomach of humans there participates:

A

pepsin

124
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

a) it prepares the uterus mucosa to receive the fertilized egg

(b) it is necessary for the normal course of pregnancy

C) it participates in the development of the milk gland

it maintains the secretory Phase of the uterine mucosa in the initial period of developmen of the fertilized egg

125
Q

Glucose is indispensable for:

A

the main nervous system

the central nervous system

126
Q

The ultimate product of oxidation of all nutrients in humans is:

A

carbon dioxide

water/

H20

CO2

127
Q

The human digestive system includes the:

A

oral cavity
b) pharynx
oesophagus
d) stomach
e) small intestine
A large intestine

128
Q

Ageing:

A

c) starts differently, according to personal disposition and living

d) is manifested by the weakening of the individual functional systems

is accompanied by changes in the circulatory system

is accompanied by changes in the central nervous system

performs optimally as “active ageing”

129
Q

How much urine excretes an average healthy person per day:

A

1 to 1.5 L

1000 - 1500 ml

130
Q

What is pernicious anaemia caused by?

A

lack of vitamin B12

lack of cobalamin

131
Q

Calcium conversion in the human body is regulated by:

A

the parathyroid hormone

132
Q

The irritation of the nose mucosa subsequently causes:

A

cough

defensive respiratory reflex

133
Q

Diseases of the cardiovascular system include:

A

arteriosclerosis
ablation of the coronary artery or its branches
myocardial infarction
varicose veins
varices

134
Q

Human skin consists of the:

A

skin
c) corium
d) subcutaneous layer

135
Q

The heart of a human at rest pumps within 1 minute approximately:

A

5 L
while blood volume

136
Q

Which arteries supply the heart muscle?

A

coronary arteries

venous arteries

those that emerge directly from the aorta

g) those that emerge directly from the biggest artery of the human body

137
Q

The second signal system is the basis of:

A

thoughts
c) talk
d) work

138
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

at the beginning of the aorta

at the beginning of the pulmonary artery
d) between the ventricle and the aorta

139
Q

Ageing is characterized by:

A

a) disruption of coordination of enzyme systems

b) increasing the brittleness and permeability of the cell membrane

d) losing the ability to synthesize some proteins

g) changes in the central nervous system

h) reducing the water content of cells

140
Q

The phenomenon when the receptor irritancy decreases during stimulation is called:

A

adaptation

141
Q

The yellow body is:

A

the transformed Graafian follicle after ovulation

e) a progesterone-producing ovarian formation
f) an ovarian formation, typical for the secretory phase

142
Q

In utero development of a human includes these stages:

A

a) foetal
b) embryonic
d) germ

143
Q

The climacteric is:

A

period of sexual rest in older age

a period in a woman’s life after the disappearance of menstrual cycles
a period of sexual tranquility when the Graafian follicles ceased to grow
a period after the end of the woman’s reproductive age

144
Q

Bile in humans:

A

is formed in the liver cells

is collected and thickens in the gallbladder
g) contains bile acids
h) facilitates the action of enzymes that decompose fats

145
Q

Reproductive age is a period:

A

when the organism can procreate

in which the individual produces mature gametes

when the individual can conceive offspring

146
Q

Human colon:

A

has an average length of 1.5 m

has an average width of 5 to 7 cm

147
Q

Which muscle in the body has a special morphological and functional status?

A

c) the heart muscle

the cardiac muscle

148
Q

The pulmonary veins:

A

open to the left atrium

carry oxygenated blood away from the lungs

149
Q

The pulmonary artery:

A

comes from the right ventricle

part of a small blood circulation

150
Q

The total amount of red blood cells is recovered approximately:

A

a) 3 times a year

in 4 months
in 120 days

151
Q

How many litres of blood does an average adult human have?

A

5l
5000ml

152
Q

In which part of the front brain is the centre of speech situated?

A

in the cerebral cortex

at the bottom of the frontal lobe

153
Q

The menstrual cycle in women has the following phases:

A

four
follicular
secretory
ovulation

154
Q

To which tone frequencies is the human hearing the most sensitive to:

A

1 000 to 3 000 Hz

1 to 3 kHz

155
Q

The extracellular fluid in humans consists of:

A

tissue fluid
b) blood
c) lymph

156
Q

Milk dentition has:

A

a) 20 teeth

8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars

157
Q

In which parts of the human brain begin the descending pyramid paths?

A

in the frontal lobes

158
Q

In fat digestion in the human intestine there participate/participates:

A

lipase

bile acids

159
Q

What muscles are there in the iris?

A

smooth
muscles performing the pupil reflex

160
Q

How long do human red blood cells live on average?

A

120 days
4 months

161
Q

Which muscle clamps on the Achilles tendon and contributes greatly to walking?

A

the tricipital calf muscle

162
Q

In the end parts of the long bones and the flat bones there is:

A

spongy bone tissue

the bone marrow

the red bone marrow in children

163
Q

Which gland of the gastrointestinal tract is the largest?

A

the liver

164
Q

In the medulla oblongata, there are reflex centres for:

A

cough
sneeze

corneal reflex
vomiting

165
Q

What percentage of the body weight is the weight of the male muscles:

A

36%

166
Q

The knee joint of a person includes the:

A

thigh bone
tibia
patella

167
Q

Which roots of the spinal cord transduce the impulses to the executive organs?

A

anterior spinal cord roots

168
Q

The main parts of the skeleton of the head are:

A

the brain and the face parts

the face and the brain

169
Q

What is the number of coccyx vertebrae in a human spine?

A

four to five

170
Q

The skeleton of the upper limb includes these bones:

A

the shoulder
the radius

the elbow
the scapula
the collar bone

171
Q

What is the number of chest vertebrae in the human spine?

A

twelve

172
Q

What is a taste receptor?

A

taste buds

173
Q

Which of the listed isotopes are dangerous to the human organism:

A

strontium 90
c) caesium 137
d) iodine 131

174
Q

The basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system is:

A

a neuron
a nerve cell

175
Q

The liver of humans is a reservoir of:

A

irons
glycogen
vitamin B12
vitamin A
vitamin D
cobalamin

176
Q

The scabies mites parasite:

A

in the skin epithelium
on animals
in humans

177
Q

In the medulla oblongata is the centre of:

A

breathing
blood circulation
management of cardiac activity

178
Q

The connection between the foetus and the mother’s organism is mediated by:

A

the placenta

179
Q

Placenta provides for an embryo and a fetus:

A

lung function
b) kidney activity
c) function of the digestive system
e) the transfer of waste products
f) the transfer of CO2 and urea
g) a connection with the mother’s organism

180
Q

How long is the in utero development of humans on average:

A

270 days
9 calendar months
39-40 weeks

181
Q

The energy generated by oxidation in the human body is transferred to:

A

the phosphate macroergic bonds

adenosine triphosphate

ATP molecules

182
Q

In the digestion of carbohydrates in the human intestine there participates/participate:

A

disaccharidases
amylase

183
Q

According to which criteria are people divided into their blood types:

A

the presence of agglutinogens

the presence of specific red blood cell antigens

184
Q

How are the light-sensitive cells in humans called?

A

rod cells

rod and cone cells

cone cells

185
Q

Under normal circumstances, the minimum human cortex surface area is:

A

2220 cm2

186
Q

What image of the observed subject is projected on the retina of the human eye.

A

reduced

sharp

reversed

187
Q

Human sweat contains:

A

water
b) Naci
(c) urea
d) propionic acid
fatty acids

188
Q

Hereditary traits in humans include:

A

a) psychic
b) functional
c) morphological

e) somatic
f) biochemical
g) immunological

189
Q

Adult human skin:

A

forms thermal insulation
c) has an area of about 1.6 to 1.8 m
d) prevents the penetration of microorganisms
e) absorbs ultraviolet rays
f) also has an excretion function

190
Q

Adrenal glands in humans:

A

are paired glands and are located on the upper pole of the kidneys

consist of bark and marrow
they produce hormones that they excrete into the blood

have cortex and pulp

191
Q

The basic functional and construction unit of the human kidney is:

A

the nephron

192
Q

Small blood circulation ends:

A

in the left atrium

by pulmonary veins

193
Q

White blood cells are present in:

A

blood
b) lymph
c) spleen
d) tissues

194
Q

Which hormone is produced by the testicles in humans?

A

testosterone

195
Q

In the absence of which vitamin keratinisation of epithelium, corneal and conjunctival dryness and serous blindness occur?

A

A
retinol

axerophthol

196
Q

Insufficient intake of certain vitamins may result in:

A

night blindness
beri-beri

scurvy

pernicious anaemia

rickets

197
Q

The fat-soluble vitamins include:

A

axerophthol
retinol

f) vitamin A

h) vitamin E

198
Q

Management of minerals is controlled with:

A

aldosterone

mineralocorticoids/

199
Q

Insulin deficiency causes:

A

diabetes mellitus

diabetes mellitus type I
increased blood glucose level

200
Q

The human adrenal cortex produces:

A

cortisol

aldosterone
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids

201
Q

Which factors affect the rate of blood flow in the blood vessels?

A

a) blood pressure
b) volume of blood
c) blood viscosity
d) internal vessel diameter
e) the overall brightness of the relevant part of the bloodstream

202
Q

How is the change in muscle tension without its shortening called?

A

static work

203
Q

The main periods of life after birth include:

A

adolescence
newborn
child
ageing
maturity
infant
death

204
Q

The largest and most important fraction of dry blood plasma is:

A

plasma proteins

proteins produced in the liver

205
Q

Which compounds negatively affect human health?

A

a) arsenic compounds
b) lead compounds
c) nitrates

e) pesticides

B) strontium compounds
h) industrial fertilizers

206
Q

In the digestion of proteins in the human small intestine there participates/participate:

A

peptidase

trypsin

207
Q

The main components of human gastric juice include:

A

pepsin
c) hydrochloric acid
e) HCI
mucus
g) mucin

208
Q

Minute heart volume is:

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in I minute

dependent on physical effort

minute heart rate, which can be greatly enhanced by the body’s needs

209
Q

Blood plasma contains:

A

(a) glucose
amino acids and fatty acids
c) vitamins and enzymes
d) bicarbonates
e) water
f) sodium chloride

210
Q

The average minute breathing volume of an adult human at rest is:

A

7-9 litres of air

greater than the vital capacity

211
Q

The approximate number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex is:

A

14 billion

212
Q

In inhalation are involved the:

A

diaphragm
diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles

213
Q

What is risk gravidity?

A

a pregnancy where the embryo is at risk

a pregnancy, requiring special care

a pregnancy, which may be considered as endangering the mother or fetus

214
Q

Which valves are situated between the atria and the ventricles of the heart?

A

cuspid valves
d) bicuspid in the left and tricuspid in the right heart

215
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is:

A

nephron

216
Q

An important action in stopping of bleeding is:

A

platelet activity

constriction of the vessel in the injured area
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

thrombocyte activity

217
Q

The founder of the study about the higher nervous activity is:

A

I. P. Pavlov

218
Q

Vitamin K:

A

participates in blood clotting

e) is made up of bacteria in the human colon

in its deficiency: bleeding occurs in the tissues and cavities

h) is indispensable for the formation of prothrombin

219
Q

What functions does the liver have in the human body?

A

in nutrient metabolism, it is a reservoir of iron and vitamins

detoxifying role

it is a glycogen reservoir

there are some substances necessary for blood clotting produced in the liver

alarge portion of the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed in the liver

220
Q

The human eve perceives light waves:

A

in the wavelength range 400-700 nm

of the appropriate wavelength, which, after passing through the cornea, the lens and the vitreous, falls on the retina

221
Q

The pallium:

A

is part of the front brain
is the cerebral cortex
forms the coating of the front brain

222
Q

What forms the inside of the hemisphere of the front brain?

A

white matter

a substance composed of nerve fibres

223
Q

The muscular fascicle comprises approximately:

A

10 to 100 fibers

224
Q

The facial muscles include the:

A

c) zygomaticus major
d) temporal muscle
e) laughing muscle
h) zygomaticus minor

225
Q

Which part of the brain is the centre of management of the internal organ function?

A

the hypothalamus

the hypothalamus that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions

226
Q

Which muscle of the upper limb is an extensor?

A

musculus triceps humeri
m. triceps

227
Q

Diastole is:

A

filling of the heart with blood

phase of heart activity
e) part of the heart cycle

228
Q

Which muscle of the upper limb is a flexor?

A

double-headed shoulder muscle
d) m. biceps

229
Q

Muscles according to their microscopic structure and functional differences are
distinguished as:

A

smooth

transversally striped
d) heart muscle

230
Q

How can bones be connected?

A

firmly
by the articulation
continuously

231
Q

To which part of the brain is the visual information in humans led?

A

into the head lobe

into the cortex of the occipital lobe

232
Q

By which roots of the spinal cord are impulses from the various parts of the body transmitted?

A

posterior spinal cord roots

233
Q

The main parts of the human skeleton are:

A

three

skeleton of the head, spine with ribs and sternum, the skeleton of limbs

234
Q

Systole is:

A

c) blood pressing by contraction of the heart muscle

part of the heart cycle

phase of heart activity

235
Q

What function do neuroglia have?

A

a support

236
Q

Which is the most important organ of absorption in humans?

A

the small intestine

237
Q

What types of bones do we distinguish according to their shape and size?

A

a) long
b) short
c) flat

e) small

238
Q

How many ribs does a healthy human have?

A

12 pairs/

7 pairs connected to the chest bone and 5 pairs unconnected

239
Q

What is the number of cervical vertebrae in the spine of a human?

A

seven

240
Q

The rigid ligamentous envelope of bones is:

A

periosteum

f) is firmly attached to the bone

241
Q

Using receptors in the skin, we can distinguish:

A

a) pressure
b) traction
c) humidity
d) vibration

g) roughness
h) hardness

242
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

pulmonary veins

veins leading to the left atrium

243
Q

The place of fixation of conditioned reflexes in higher mammals and humans is the:

A

brain

cerebral cortex

pallium

244
Q

Efferent nerve fibres:

A

come out through the anterior spinal cord roots

e) are motoric
f) are autonomous
g) lead the impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
h) they also end in the smooth muscles of the internal organ walls

245
Q

Sperms of men:

A

c) are produced in testicles
d) are produced in seminiferous tubules of testes
form from puberty to old age
g) are excreted in the amount of 200-300 million h move using a tail

246
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases include:

A

syphilis
b) gonorrhoea
c) lues
e) AIDS

247
Q

What important physiological functions does the blood circulation in the body have?

A

a) provides life processes in cells
b) maintains the stability of the internal environment
c) maintains the body temperature
d) participates in the body’s defence against infections
ensures the transport of CO2 and 02
ensures the transport of metabolic waste

h ensures the transport of hormones

248
Q

How many follicles do approximately mature during female sexual maturity?

A

450

249
Q

Minute heart volume depends on:

A

b) heart rate
[e) the amount of blood that the heart pumps out in one systole
e) of the volume of blood pumped through the systole
g) the number of systoles per minute

250
Q

In which part of the human brain is the center for skin receptors?

A

in the parietal lobe cortex

in the cortex of brain hemispheres

251
Q

Proprioceptors:

A

a) are found in the muscles
b) are found in the tendons
e) they are, for example, muscle spindles
f) they are, for example, tendon bodies

252
Q

Receptors in the skin and mucous membranes of the body allow the perception of:

A

a) hardness
b) pressure
c) touch
d) heat
e) cold
f) shake
g) pain
h) humidity

253
Q

Aorta:

A

comes out of the left ventricle

transports oxygenated blood into the large circulation

254
Q

In the development of the milk gland acts:

A

progesterone
d) oestrogens

255
Q

The antidiuretic hormone in humans:

A

o) manages the body’s water management
e) increases urine density
d) increases the re-absorption of water into the blood in the kidneys
acts against urine excretion
is secreted more if there is a lack of water in the body

256
Q

What do mature follicle cells secrete from the mature follicle?

A

oestrogens

257
Q

What is an effective means of removing excess heat from the body surface?

A

evaporation

perspiration

258
Q
  1. In the human body, most of the heat is formed by chemical transformations:
A

in the muscles

in the liver

259
Q

When transferring heat from the body surface, the following applies:

A

radiation
b) evaporation
perspiration
d) radiating heat into the environment

260
Q

Which gland produces thyroxin?

A

thyroid

phylogenetically the oldest gland with internal secretion

261
Q

The human adrenal cortex produces:

A

c) aldosterone
d) corticoids

262
Q

By which nerves is the activity of the adrenal marrow controlled?

A

vegetative
b) sympathetic
autonomous

263
Q

In human metabolism, proteins can be completely replaced by:

A

cannot be replaced

264
Q

The biological value of the protein is given by:

A

the so-called indispensable amino acids
d) the so-called essential amino acids

265
Q

In human body are stored in a stock:

A

c) sugars
d) fats
iron

266
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces the hormone:

A

a) growth hormone

thyrotropin

e) prolactin
luteinizing

adrenocorticotropic

267
Q

Insufficient activity of the thyroid in a young organism can be manifested by:

A

c) the creation of cretinism
d) lag in mental development
e) lag in physical development

268
Q

Glucagon:

A

b) is an insulin antagonist
c) accelerates digestion of glycogen in the liver
d) increases blood glucose levels

belongs to the hormones produced by the pancreas

269
Q

The vital capacity of lungs is:

A

the maximal volume of air that we breathe out after maximal inspiration

f) for men, the average is 5 L
g) for women the average is 3.5 L
h) dependent on body height, weight and training

270
Q

The large pairs of salivary glands include the glands:

A

b) sublingual
c) parotid

271
Q

Human saliva contains:

A

ptyalin
c) lysozyme
mucus

272
Q

Glycogen is stored in:

A

liver cells

skeletal muscles

273
Q

How many pairs of major salivary glands secrete saliva?

A

three pairs

274
Q

The thyroid gland:

A

phylogenetically the oldest gland with internal secretion in vertebrates

c) has various shapes
d) in some fish consists of some separate cams
e) in most reptiles it is unpaired

in mammals it consists of two interlocking lobes

275
Q

What heart rate (how many beats per minute) does an average adult healthy person have at rest?

A

70

276
Q

The human cerebellum is:

A

located in the rear cranial fossa

responsible for the coordination of movement functions

g) important for movement coordination
h) part of muscle tension management

277
Q

What function does the spinal cord have?

A

it is the place of realization of spinal reflexes

d) it mediates the transmission of impulses
e) itis part of the CNS
f it has a transmission function - it includes downward paths from different parts of the
brain

278
Q

For the production of haemoglobin and erythrocytes, there is necessary:

A

iron

folic acid
f) cobalamin

279
Q

What can be caused by iron deficiency?

A

anaemia

280
Q

Blood pressure and blood circulation:

A

is controlled by nerve regulation
(b) is controlled by hormonal regulation

e) is dependent on the intensity of muscle work is related to the size of the organism
B) is related to the gender of the individual

281
Q

Large blood circulation:

A

ends in the right atrium

begins in the left ventricle

begins with the aorta

ends with upper and lower vena cava

282
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant:

A

b) left hemisphere in right-handers
c) in left-handers the right hemisphere

the right hemisphere in left-handers

283
Q

Which reflexes are performed independently on our will?

A

autonomous

vegetative

sympathetic
f) parasympathetic

284
Q

Turning the palm up is called:

A

supination

diversion

285
Q

The elbow joint:

A

a) its part is the humerus
c) it’s a moving connection
d) the articulated surfaces can touch
e) the upper arm bone ends at the bottom with a pulley

286
Q

Vital capacity of human lungs:

A

a) is smaller in women than in men
c) is smaller in children than in men
d) in women is about 3.5 litres
e) in men is about 5 litres
P) is the sum of inspirational reserve volume, respiration volume and expiratory reserve
volume

287
Q

During the birth of a human under physiological circumstances:

A

a) the uterine muscles move and push the baby out of the womb
b) the duration of labour is on average 8-16 hours
c) after the opening of the uterus, the baby is pushed very quickly a 20-40 minutes after the birth of the baby placenta is removed
e) autonomic nerves and hormones control the birth

288
Q

For a new-born period in humans, the following applies:

A

a) it begins with the birth
b) it lasts until the end of the first month after the birth
c) the new-born is adapted to living conditions outside the mother’s body
d) at the beginning, after the birth, the new-born will begin to breathe
e) at the beginning, after the birth, the neonatal circulation system is separated from the mother
f) at the beginning, after the birth, the blood begins to oxygenate in his lungs

289
Q

The skeleton of the head consists of the:

A

a) nasal bone
b) processus styloideus of the temporal bone
c) frontal bone
d) zygomatic bone
e) upper jaw
f) jawbone
g) lacrimal bone
h) temporal bone

290
Q

Metabolism in humans:

A

b) decreases in the old age
c)is controlled hormonally
d) is controlled by nerves
g) increases with excessive thyroid activity

291
Q

Carbohydrates are digested in humans:

A

a) in the oral cavity
b) by ptyalin
c) by amylase
d) in the small intestine

292
Q

Knee joint injuries:

A

c) may result in permanent limitation of mobility
e) may occur, for example, after a fall
f) may occur, for example, in sport
h) are difficult to treat

293
Q

The muscles of the lower limb include the:

A

(a) front tibial muscle
b) three-headed calf muscle
g) long muscle of the thigh
h) oblique calf muscle

294
Q

The muscles of the lower limb include the:

A

(a) front tibial muscle
b) three-headed calf muscle
g) long muscle of the thigh
h) oblique calf muscle

med at prep (14 decks)

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