n Flashcards
A special type of cell cycle that forms gametes is called:
d) reduction division
meiosis
The plasmatic membrane of cells is:
characterized by selective permeability
semipermeable
a structure that separates the cell from the environment
One of the important metabolic processes in the cell in which new protein molecules are produced is called:
c) proteosynthesis
The basic functions of the cell include:
cellular metabolism
energy flow
flow of information
reproduction
Chromosomes can be found:
in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
in the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells
in chloroplasts
in mitochondria
The ability of a cell to absorb microorganisms is called:
phagocytosis
Exogenous biorhythms:
1) depend on the roguray thesomena of the external environment
b) depend on the alternation of the seasons
c) depend on the alternation of sexual activity cycles
d) depend on the alternation of light and darkness
e) depend on the tide and outflow
f) may occur seasonally
§) they can be completcly separated from endogenous ones
h) are related to endogenous
Which organic substances belong to most abundant in blood plasma:
proteins
Endocrine glands exclude secretions:
into the inner environment of the organism
into the blood
What is the body’s response to a change in hormone levels like:
it is not immediate
is slower than in the nerve regulation
gradually decreases as hormones are metabolized
What function do the testicles have:
b) to produce male germ cells
to produce testosterone
sperms are formed there
mixed, they produce gametes and hormones
Defensive reflexes of the respiratory system are:
coughing
b) sneezing/
coughing and sneezing
A defensive reflex of the digestive system:
a) is vomiting
c) may be caused by the irritation of the stomach
e) can be caused by the irritation of the digestive tract/
Irritation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi provokes:
c) coughing
d) defensive reflexes of the respiratory system
Hormones:
b) are often proteins/
c) some are steroids
e) some are arenes
f are not the source of energy
g) are not the building blocks of the body
The form of the signal on which the receptor is the most sensitive is called:
a) the reasonable stimulus
b) the adequate stimulus
Which inorganic chemical substance is the most common in human urine.
water
Which inorganic substances are mainly excreted by in urine:
c) chlorides
From a functional point of view, which systems we recognize in the circulation
system:
distributional
b) diffuse
c) collection
In which animals the enzymes are produced in the salivary glands:
in omnivores
birds
pigeons
Are vitamins the source of energy:
they are not the source of energy
fat-soluble are not the source of energy
h) water-soluble are not the source of energy
What is the function of capillaries:
the passage of dissolved nutrients from the blood into intercellular spaces takes place
there
d) the exchange of breathing gases takes place there
e) the exchange of O2 a CO2 takes place there
The metabolism is controlled:
by hormones
by nerves
by hormones and nerves
The myocardium is:
regulated from its headquarters and working as a whole
an involuntary, striated muscle
controlled by autonomic nerves
(f) controlled by vegetative nerves
structurally similar to the skeletal muscle and functionally to the smooth muscle
Which nerve fibres transmit the signal from the skin receptor to the brain:
centripetal
centripetal fibres, which convey impulses into the posterior radix of the spine
Excitement at the synapse is transmitted through:
acetylcholine
noradrenalin
mediators
The small intestine’s mucosal surface is enlarged by:
(a) the long length of the organ
villi
c) protuberances
d) microvilli
Who discovered the neuron:
J.E. Purkyne
The most important organ of the metabolism is:
a) the liver
The liver is responsible for:
the production of plasmatic proteins
Skeletal muscles:
are responsible for the movement of the organism
The conditioned reflex arises:
by the effect of two stimuli from which one is biologically significant for the organism
as a temporary connection between areas that are activated with two stimuli
after delivery
The pancreas:
produces insulin
e) is located in the abdominal cavity
f) produce glucagon
The hormone:
b) performs hormonal regulation of various functions
c) is produced in special tissues
d) affects the cells in the target tissues
f) has only regulatory (control) effects
g) affects only cells with the specific receptor
The lymph nodes capture:
microorganisms
b) toxins
c) dust particles
The excretion of the parathyroid hormone is affected by:
b) the calcium level in extracellular fluid
c) the blood calcium level
e) plasma levels of calcium
g) the parathyroid activity
Which of these glands is not a true gland with the internal secretion:
neurohypophysis
the posterior pituitary lobe
Which substances does amylase break down
starch
d) polysaccharides
Which hormones do cells of pancreatic islets excrete in higher vertebrates:
insulin
glucagon
hormones involved in the carbohydrate metabolism
Where does the external breathing of mammals occur:
in the lungs
Unconditioned reflexes are:
congenital
b) permanent in number
(c) species-specific
In which part of the vascular system, the process of exchanging substances between blood and tissue fluid is localized:
in the smallest blood vessels
c) in capillaries
d) in the diffusive system
Reflexes that are formed during the life of an individual are:
conditioned
What groups of biorhythms we know:
endogenous and exogenous
What did vertebrates develop to protect themselves from foreign substances that have entered the organism:
the immune system
Homeostasis is:
the stability of the internal environment
the maintenance of the balanced state
The smallest amount of energy needed to keep the life in the fully relaxed state, on an empty stomach and at an optimal temperature, is called:
basal metabolism
Energy gained from the enzymatic breakdown of substances is transformed into:
chemical energy
b) mechanical energy
electricity
d) osmotic energy
e) light energy
The back part of the brain of the higher vertebrates consists of:
B) the spotonged spinal cord
c) the bridge
d) the little brain
The nervous system in vertebrates is comprised of:
a) the central nervous system
c) peripheral nerves
d) the peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system of higher vertebrates includes:
a) the cerebral cortex
b) the brain
c) the spinal cord
e) the rear part of the brain
f) the midbrain
g) the frontal part of the brain
The bigger part of the energy that is created by the enzymatic breakdown of substances and not biologically used is eventually transformed into:
heat
The basic components of the biological regulatory system include:
a) the efferent track
b) feedback
c) the integrated nervous centre
an executive body
a sensory organ
The small intestine in humans:
4 to 5
3 to 3.5
h) begins with the duodenum
The infant’s period in humans:
a) is characterized by intense growth
b) is characterized by locomotor and psychological development
d) ends at 1 year
e) the sucking reflex is present
(1) puts great demands on a proper diet
Release of a human egg from Graaf follicle and its migration into the fallopian tube occurs:
on the 12th to 14th day of the menstrual cycle
the ovulation phase
Red blood cells in humans:
there are about 5 x 1012 in one litre of blood in men
there are about 4.3 x 1012 in one litre of blood in women
fin one litre of blood in a woman they contain approximately 140 g of haemoglobin
in one litre of blood in a man they contain approximately 150 g of haemoglobin
What does the accommodative muscle enable:
c) arching of the eye lens
e) adapting the optical system of the eye to a different distance
f) the possibility of the sharp vision of objects with healthy eyes
Pepsin is excreted in humans as:
ineffective pepsinogen
Pepsinogen into the strongly acidic environment of the stomach
Agglutinogens are:
specific molecules on the red blood cell surface membrane
erythrocyte antigens
antigens determining the blood group
Smooth muscles are controlled by:
b) autonomic nerves
d) the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
e) some hormones
f) nerves
g) the sympathetic nervous system h the parasympathetic nervous system
Which of the joints of the human body is the most complex and one of the most burdened:
the knee joint
the joint of femur and tibia
What is the building unit of a skeletal muscle:
the transversally striated muscle fibre
What forms the reticular formation of the brain:
c) a vast array of nerve cells that pass through the extended spinal cord - up to the diencephalon
How many muscles approximately does a human have:
600
What percentage of the body weight is the weight of the average women muscles:
32%
The midbrain of a human is the centre of:
unconditioned visual and auditory reflexes
ensuring eye movements in the direction of the respective stimuli
g) ensuring the position changes of the head in the direction of the respective stimuli
h) ensuring the movements of the whole body in the direction of the respective stimuli
The human cerebellum participates in the:
coordination of motion functions
b) control of muscle tension
maintaining the upright position of the body
(h) control of motion fluency
whetorinemat important voluntary sphincters belong to the muscle of the pelvis:
the external sphincter of the urethra
e) the outer anal sphincter
Head muscles from the functional point of view include the:
d) chewing muscles that move the mandible
e) mimic muscles that move the skin
mimic muscles that create a facial expression
h) muscles of larynx, important for breathing and phonation
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system:
reflex
response to a stimulus mediated by the reflex arc
What is the most complex feature of higher nervous activity:
learning
The skeleton of the lower limb includes the:
thigh bone
c) tibia
d) pelvis
e) fibula
t) patella
Insulin:
increases the use of glucose in tissues
increases the storage of glycogen in the liver
c) increases the storage of glycogen in muscles
d) reduces the level of glucose in the blood
its deficiency causes the development of diabetes
influences the transport of glucose into cells
How many lumbar vertebrae do humans have:
five
The connection between axons and dendrites is a:
synapse
link
Which parts of the neuron lead the impulse to the cell’s body?
dendrites
The control centre for breathing is in the:
medulla oblongata
The respiratory system of humans includes the:
airways
b) nasal cavity
c) windpipe
lungs
g) larynx
bronchi
Breast milk:
contains antibodies
c) supplies the necessary nutrients
d) is the most natural and most appropriate food
(e) is always fresh and sterile f has the right temperature
B) is the best food for child’s digestion
The vertebrate neurons contain:
a) the axon
b) the body, neurites and dendrites
c) the nucleus
d) the cell body
e) an input section
f) a conductive section
Vitamin C:
a) is important for maintaining the proper bone status
is important for maintaining the proper state of dentin
d) is important for maintaining the proper condition of the cartilage
e) is important for the collagen synthesis
increases the immunity of organism against infectious diseases
h) is important for atherosclerosis prevention
What is the other name for vitamin B6:
pyridoxine
A human with blood type 0 has these agglutinins:
anti-A and anti-B, which are present in blood plasma
anti-A and anti-B
During puberty:
sexual glands begin to excrete hormones
c) regular maturation of sex cells begins
d) secondary sexual traits develop
e) sexual feelings appear
The sucking reflex:
is congenital
is present in the infant’s period
f) belongs to unconditional reflexes
What is the principle of the blood group properties system:
the existence of agglutinogens and agglutinin
c) the role of agglutinins in binding with red blood cells
e) the existence of two components - agglutinogen and antibodies
the existence of two components - agglutinogens and agglutinins
The adult human erythrocytes are formed:
in the bone marrow of short bones
in the bone marrow of flat bones
During the delivery in humans:
a) muscles of the uterus contract
b) the foetus is expelled from the uterus
d) autonomous nerves are involved in the control of the process of delivery
e) hormones are involved in the control of the process of delivery
f) the cervix and the birth canal open
h) placental expulsion occurs
Which parts does a neuron have from the functional point of view?
input
output
Humans hear sound waves with frequency:
2000 Hz
75 kHz
20 Hz
5000 Hz
The Graafian follicle after an egg release:
changes to yellow body
b) changes to the corpus luteum
begins to produce progesterone in the luteal phase
h) begins to produce gestagens in the secretion phase
What is the blind spot?
an area where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter the eye
an area on the retina with no photosensitive cells
Insulin in humans is secreted in:
the Langerhans islet cells of the pancreas
some pancreatic cells/
some cells of the pancreas
The spot of the sharpest vision is:
the yellow spot
the central fovea of the retina
a place of accumulation of cone cells in the retina
Head muscles which move the skin include:
mimic muscles
eye sphincters
mouth sphincters
Bone articulation:
a) is a contact connection of bones
c) has contact surfaces lined with the cartilage
e) has a joint capsule reinforced by ligaments
f) has synovial fluid inside the joint
g) contains fluid that nourishes the cartilage
h) is usually formed by the fossa and the head
Urine formation begins in the:
renal body
glomerule and the Bowman’s capsule
Malpighian body
Which vitamin deficiency has not been described in humans?
B5
pantothenic acid
The basic taste sensation is the perception of:
sweet
sour
bitter
salty
in which part of the human brain is the centre for smell
on the lower surface of the frontal lobes
What percentage of children have congenital luxation of the hip joint?
about 2%
Haemoglobin (especially in infants) due to an increased supply of nitrogenous substances to the body changes to:
methemoglobin
What belongs to connective tissues?
bone tissue
ligaments
cartilages
Where is the conscious activity of an individual formed?
in the cerebral cortex
in the pallium
The patellar reflex is triggered by a hit to:
the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh under the patella
The yellow body produces:
progesterone
The Graafian follicles secrete:
oestrogens
The ovaries produce:
sex hormones
estrogens
Which hormones increase the resistance of the body against stress?
adrenal glands hormones and glucocorticoids
adrenaline
noradrenaline
cortisol
Which hormone controls water management in vertebrates and humans?
vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone
Which vitamin is involved in oxygenation events in all cells?
B2
riboflavin
lactoflavin
Which of these vitamins is very unstable?
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
The average weight of the human brain is:
1300g
Anti-Rh antibodies can be generated when:
the mother is Rh-negative and the child Rh-positive
Rh-positive blood cells get into the bloodstream of the Rh-negative individual
Deficiency of which vitamin causes the beriberi disease?
B1
aneurine
thiamine
Astigmatism:
belongs to refractive errors
is an uneven curvature of the cornea
manifested by a vague vision
Where is the subjective perception of the head position and its changes in humans realized?
in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
in the cerebral cortex
Hydrochloric acid produces an acidic environment in the stomach of humans which:
prevents degradation of vitamin B1
destroys many disease-causing micro-organisms
facilitates the absorption of some minerals
prevents the degradation of vitamins B2 and C
is essential for the action of pepsin
The glucocorticoid secretion is controlled:
from the diencephalon via the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
c) from the hypothalamus via adenohypophysis
from the hypothalamus via the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
f) from the diencephalon via adenohypophysis
The laryngeal muscles are involved in:
breathing
phonation
Which digestive enzymes are excreted into the colon in humans?
none
In protein digestion in the stomach of humans there participates:
pepsin
What is the function of progesterone?
a) it prepares the uterus mucosa to receive the fertilized egg
(b) it is necessary for the normal course of pregnancy
C) it participates in the development of the milk gland
it maintains the secretory Phase of the uterine mucosa in the initial period of developmen of the fertilized egg
Glucose is indispensable for:
the main nervous system
the central nervous system
The ultimate product of oxidation of all nutrients in humans is:
carbon dioxide
water/
H20
CO2
The human digestive system includes the:
oral cavity
b) pharynx
oesophagus
d) stomach
e) small intestine
A large intestine
Ageing:
c) starts differently, according to personal disposition and living
d) is manifested by the weakening of the individual functional systems
is accompanied by changes in the circulatory system
is accompanied by changes in the central nervous system
performs optimally as “active ageing”
How much urine excretes an average healthy person per day:
1 to 1.5 L
1000 - 1500 ml
What is pernicious anaemia caused by?
lack of vitamin B12
lack of cobalamin
Calcium conversion in the human body is regulated by:
the parathyroid hormone
The irritation of the nose mucosa subsequently causes:
cough
defensive respiratory reflex
Diseases of the cardiovascular system include:
arteriosclerosis
ablation of the coronary artery or its branches
myocardial infarction
varicose veins
varices
Human skin consists of the:
skin
c) corium
d) subcutaneous layer
The heart of a human at rest pumps within 1 minute approximately:
5 L
while blood volume
Which arteries supply the heart muscle?
coronary arteries
venous arteries
those that emerge directly from the aorta
g) those that emerge directly from the biggest artery of the human body
The second signal system is the basis of:
thoughts
c) talk
d) work
Where are the semilunar valves located?
at the beginning of the aorta
at the beginning of the pulmonary artery
d) between the ventricle and the aorta
Ageing is characterized by:
a) disruption of coordination of enzyme systems
b) increasing the brittleness and permeability of the cell membrane
d) losing the ability to synthesize some proteins
g) changes in the central nervous system
h) reducing the water content of cells
The phenomenon when the receptor irritancy decreases during stimulation is called:
adaptation
The yellow body is:
the transformed Graafian follicle after ovulation
e) a progesterone-producing ovarian formation
f) an ovarian formation, typical for the secretory phase
In utero development of a human includes these stages:
a) foetal
b) embryonic
d) germ
The climacteric is:
period of sexual rest in older age
a period in a woman’s life after the disappearance of menstrual cycles
a period of sexual tranquility when the Graafian follicles ceased to grow
a period after the end of the woman’s reproductive age
Bile in humans:
is formed in the liver cells
is collected and thickens in the gallbladder
g) contains bile acids
h) facilitates the action of enzymes that decompose fats
Reproductive age is a period:
when the organism can procreate
in which the individual produces mature gametes
when the individual can conceive offspring
Human colon:
has an average length of 1.5 m
has an average width of 5 to 7 cm
Which muscle in the body has a special morphological and functional status?
c) the heart muscle
the cardiac muscle
The pulmonary veins:
open to the left atrium
carry oxygenated blood away from the lungs
The pulmonary artery:
comes from the right ventricle
part of a small blood circulation
The total amount of red blood cells is recovered approximately:
a) 3 times a year
in 4 months
in 120 days
How many litres of blood does an average adult human have?
5l
5000ml
In which part of the front brain is the centre of speech situated?
in the cerebral cortex
at the bottom of the frontal lobe
The menstrual cycle in women has the following phases:
four
follicular
secretory
ovulation
To which tone frequencies is the human hearing the most sensitive to:
1 000 to 3 000 Hz
1 to 3 kHz
The extracellular fluid in humans consists of:
tissue fluid
b) blood
c) lymph
Milk dentition has:
a) 20 teeth
8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars
In which parts of the human brain begin the descending pyramid paths?
in the frontal lobes
In fat digestion in the human intestine there participate/participates:
lipase
bile acids
What muscles are there in the iris?
smooth
muscles performing the pupil reflex
How long do human red blood cells live on average?
120 days
4 months
Which muscle clamps on the Achilles tendon and contributes greatly to walking?
the tricipital calf muscle
In the end parts of the long bones and the flat bones there is:
spongy bone tissue
the bone marrow
the red bone marrow in children
Which gland of the gastrointestinal tract is the largest?
the liver
In the medulla oblongata, there are reflex centres for:
cough
sneeze
corneal reflex
vomiting
What percentage of the body weight is the weight of the male muscles:
36%
The knee joint of a person includes the:
thigh bone
tibia
patella
Which roots of the spinal cord transduce the impulses to the executive organs?
anterior spinal cord roots
The main parts of the skeleton of the head are:
the brain and the face parts
the face and the brain
What is the number of coccyx vertebrae in a human spine?
four to five
The skeleton of the upper limb includes these bones:
the shoulder
the radius
the elbow
the scapula
the collar bone
What is the number of chest vertebrae in the human spine?
twelve
What is a taste receptor?
taste buds
Which of the listed isotopes are dangerous to the human organism:
strontium 90
c) caesium 137
d) iodine 131
The basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system is:
a neuron
a nerve cell
The liver of humans is a reservoir of:
irons
glycogen
vitamin B12
vitamin A
vitamin D
cobalamin
The scabies mites parasite:
in the skin epithelium
on animals
in humans
In the medulla oblongata is the centre of:
breathing
blood circulation
management of cardiac activity
The connection between the foetus and the mother’s organism is mediated by:
the placenta
Placenta provides for an embryo and a fetus:
lung function
b) kidney activity
c) function of the digestive system
e) the transfer of waste products
f) the transfer of CO2 and urea
g) a connection with the mother’s organism
How long is the in utero development of humans on average:
270 days
9 calendar months
39-40 weeks
The energy generated by oxidation in the human body is transferred to:
the phosphate macroergic bonds
adenosine triphosphate
ATP molecules
In the digestion of carbohydrates in the human intestine there participates/participate:
disaccharidases
amylase
According to which criteria are people divided into their blood types:
the presence of agglutinogens
the presence of specific red blood cell antigens
How are the light-sensitive cells in humans called?
rod cells
rod and cone cells
cone cells
Under normal circumstances, the minimum human cortex surface area is:
2220 cm2
What image of the observed subject is projected on the retina of the human eye.
reduced
sharp
reversed
Human sweat contains:
water
b) Naci
(c) urea
d) propionic acid
fatty acids
Hereditary traits in humans include:
a) psychic
b) functional
c) morphological
e) somatic
f) biochemical
g) immunological
Adult human skin:
forms thermal insulation
c) has an area of about 1.6 to 1.8 m
d) prevents the penetration of microorganisms
e) absorbs ultraviolet rays
f) also has an excretion function
Adrenal glands in humans:
are paired glands and are located on the upper pole of the kidneys
consist of bark and marrow
they produce hormones that they excrete into the blood
have cortex and pulp
The basic functional and construction unit of the human kidney is:
the nephron
Small blood circulation ends:
in the left atrium
by pulmonary veins
White blood cells are present in:
blood
b) lymph
c) spleen
d) tissues
Which hormone is produced by the testicles in humans?
testosterone
In the absence of which vitamin keratinisation of epithelium, corneal and conjunctival dryness and serous blindness occur?
A
retinol
axerophthol
Insufficient intake of certain vitamins may result in:
night blindness
beri-beri
scurvy
pernicious anaemia
rickets
The fat-soluble vitamins include:
axerophthol
retinol
f) vitamin A
h) vitamin E
Management of minerals is controlled with:
aldosterone
mineralocorticoids/
Insulin deficiency causes:
diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus type I
increased blood glucose level
The human adrenal cortex produces:
cortisol
aldosterone
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
Which factors affect the rate of blood flow in the blood vessels?
a) blood pressure
b) volume of blood
c) blood viscosity
d) internal vessel diameter
e) the overall brightness of the relevant part of the bloodstream
How is the change in muscle tension without its shortening called?
static work
The main periods of life after birth include:
adolescence
newborn
child
ageing
maturity
infant
death
The largest and most important fraction of dry blood plasma is:
plasma proteins
proteins produced in the liver
Which compounds negatively affect human health?
a) arsenic compounds
b) lead compounds
c) nitrates
e) pesticides
B) strontium compounds
h) industrial fertilizers
In the digestion of proteins in the human small intestine there participates/participate:
peptidase
trypsin
The main components of human gastric juice include:
pepsin
c) hydrochloric acid
e) HCI
mucus
g) mucin
Minute heart volume is:
the amount of blood pumped by the heart in I minute
dependent on physical effort
minute heart rate, which can be greatly enhanced by the body’s needs
Blood plasma contains:
(a) glucose
amino acids and fatty acids
c) vitamins and enzymes
d) bicarbonates
e) water
f) sodium chloride
The average minute breathing volume of an adult human at rest is:
7-9 litres of air
greater than the vital capacity
The approximate number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex is:
14 billion
In inhalation are involved the:
diaphragm
diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
What is risk gravidity?
a pregnancy where the embryo is at risk
a pregnancy, requiring special care
a pregnancy, which may be considered as endangering the mother or fetus
Which valves are situated between the atria and the ventricles of the heart?
cuspid valves
d) bicuspid in the left and tricuspid in the right heart
The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is:
nephron
An important action in stopping of bleeding is:
platelet activity
constriction of the vessel in the injured area
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombocyte activity
The founder of the study about the higher nervous activity is:
I. P. Pavlov
Vitamin K:
participates in blood clotting
e) is made up of bacteria in the human colon
in its deficiency: bleeding occurs in the tissues and cavities
h) is indispensable for the formation of prothrombin
What functions does the liver have in the human body?
in nutrient metabolism, it is a reservoir of iron and vitamins
detoxifying role
it is a glycogen reservoir
there are some substances necessary for blood clotting produced in the liver
alarge portion of the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed in the liver
The human eve perceives light waves:
in the wavelength range 400-700 nm
of the appropriate wavelength, which, after passing through the cornea, the lens and the vitreous, falls on the retina
The pallium:
is part of the front brain
is the cerebral cortex
forms the coating of the front brain
What forms the inside of the hemisphere of the front brain?
white matter
a substance composed of nerve fibres
The muscular fascicle comprises approximately:
10 to 100 fibers
The facial muscles include the:
c) zygomaticus major
d) temporal muscle
e) laughing muscle
h) zygomaticus minor
Which part of the brain is the centre of management of the internal organ function?
the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions
Which muscle of the upper limb is an extensor?
musculus triceps humeri
m. triceps
Diastole is:
filling of the heart with blood
phase of heart activity
e) part of the heart cycle
Which muscle of the upper limb is a flexor?
double-headed shoulder muscle
d) m. biceps
Muscles according to their microscopic structure and functional differences are
distinguished as:
smooth
transversally striped
d) heart muscle
How can bones be connected?
firmly
by the articulation
continuously
To which part of the brain is the visual information in humans led?
into the head lobe
into the cortex of the occipital lobe
By which roots of the spinal cord are impulses from the various parts of the body transmitted?
posterior spinal cord roots
The main parts of the human skeleton are:
three
skeleton of the head, spine with ribs and sternum, the skeleton of limbs
Systole is:
c) blood pressing by contraction of the heart muscle
part of the heart cycle
phase of heart activity
What function do neuroglia have?
a support
Which is the most important organ of absorption in humans?
the small intestine
What types of bones do we distinguish according to their shape and size?
a) long
b) short
c) flat
e) small
How many ribs does a healthy human have?
12 pairs/
7 pairs connected to the chest bone and 5 pairs unconnected
What is the number of cervical vertebrae in the spine of a human?
seven
The rigid ligamentous envelope of bones is:
periosteum
f) is firmly attached to the bone
Using receptors in the skin, we can distinguish:
a) pressure
b) traction
c) humidity
d) vibration
g) roughness
h) hardness
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs?
pulmonary veins
veins leading to the left atrium
The place of fixation of conditioned reflexes in higher mammals and humans is the:
brain
cerebral cortex
pallium
Efferent nerve fibres:
come out through the anterior spinal cord roots
e) are motoric
f) are autonomous
g) lead the impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
h) they also end in the smooth muscles of the internal organ walls
Sperms of men:
c) are produced in testicles
d) are produced in seminiferous tubules of testes
form from puberty to old age
g) are excreted in the amount of 200-300 million h move using a tail
Sexually transmitted diseases include:
syphilis
b) gonorrhoea
c) lues
e) AIDS
What important physiological functions does the blood circulation in the body have?
a) provides life processes in cells
b) maintains the stability of the internal environment
c) maintains the body temperature
d) participates in the body’s defence against infections
ensures the transport of CO2 and 02
ensures the transport of metabolic waste
h ensures the transport of hormones
How many follicles do approximately mature during female sexual maturity?
450
Minute heart volume depends on:
b) heart rate
[e) the amount of blood that the heart pumps out in one systole
e) of the volume of blood pumped through the systole
g) the number of systoles per minute
In which part of the human brain is the center for skin receptors?
in the parietal lobe cortex
in the cortex of brain hemispheres
Proprioceptors:
a) are found in the muscles
b) are found in the tendons
e) they are, for example, muscle spindles
f) they are, for example, tendon bodies
Receptors in the skin and mucous membranes of the body allow the perception of:
a) hardness
b) pressure
c) touch
d) heat
e) cold
f) shake
g) pain
h) humidity
Aorta:
comes out of the left ventricle
transports oxygenated blood into the large circulation
In the development of the milk gland acts:
progesterone
d) oestrogens
The antidiuretic hormone in humans:
o) manages the body’s water management
e) increases urine density
d) increases the re-absorption of water into the blood in the kidneys
acts against urine excretion
is secreted more if there is a lack of water in the body
What do mature follicle cells secrete from the mature follicle?
oestrogens
What is an effective means of removing excess heat from the body surface?
evaporation
perspiration
- In the human body, most of the heat is formed by chemical transformations:
in the muscles
in the liver
When transferring heat from the body surface, the following applies:
radiation
b) evaporation
perspiration
d) radiating heat into the environment
Which gland produces thyroxin?
thyroid
phylogenetically the oldest gland with internal secretion
The human adrenal cortex produces:
c) aldosterone
d) corticoids
By which nerves is the activity of the adrenal marrow controlled?
vegetative
b) sympathetic
autonomous
In human metabolism, proteins can be completely replaced by:
cannot be replaced
The biological value of the protein is given by:
the so-called indispensable amino acids
d) the so-called essential amino acids
In human body are stored in a stock:
c) sugars
d) fats
iron
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces the hormone:
a) growth hormone
thyrotropin
e) prolactin
luteinizing
adrenocorticotropic
Insufficient activity of the thyroid in a young organism can be manifested by:
c) the creation of cretinism
d) lag in mental development
e) lag in physical development
Glucagon:
b) is an insulin antagonist
c) accelerates digestion of glycogen in the liver
d) increases blood glucose levels
belongs to the hormones produced by the pancreas
The vital capacity of lungs is:
the maximal volume of air that we breathe out after maximal inspiration
f) for men, the average is 5 L
g) for women the average is 3.5 L
h) dependent on body height, weight and training
The large pairs of salivary glands include the glands:
b) sublingual
c) parotid
Human saliva contains:
ptyalin
c) lysozyme
mucus
Glycogen is stored in:
liver cells
skeletal muscles
How many pairs of major salivary glands secrete saliva?
three pairs
The thyroid gland:
phylogenetically the oldest gland with internal secretion in vertebrates
c) has various shapes
d) in some fish consists of some separate cams
e) in most reptiles it is unpaired
in mammals it consists of two interlocking lobes
What heart rate (how many beats per minute) does an average adult healthy person have at rest?
70
The human cerebellum is:
located in the rear cranial fossa
responsible for the coordination of movement functions
g) important for movement coordination
h) part of muscle tension management
What function does the spinal cord have?
it is the place of realization of spinal reflexes
d) it mediates the transmission of impulses
e) itis part of the CNS
f it has a transmission function - it includes downward paths from different parts of the
brain
For the production of haemoglobin and erythrocytes, there is necessary:
iron
folic acid
f) cobalamin
What can be caused by iron deficiency?
anaemia
Blood pressure and blood circulation:
is controlled by nerve regulation
(b) is controlled by hormonal regulation
e) is dependent on the intensity of muscle work is related to the size of the organism
B) is related to the gender of the individual
Large blood circulation:
ends in the right atrium
begins in the left ventricle
begins with the aorta
ends with upper and lower vena cava
Which hemisphere is dominant:
b) left hemisphere in right-handers
c) in left-handers the right hemisphere
the right hemisphere in left-handers
Which reflexes are performed independently on our will?
autonomous
vegetative
sympathetic
f) parasympathetic
Turning the palm up is called:
supination
diversion
The elbow joint:
a) its part is the humerus
c) it’s a moving connection
d) the articulated surfaces can touch
e) the upper arm bone ends at the bottom with a pulley
Vital capacity of human lungs:
a) is smaller in women than in men
c) is smaller in children than in men
d) in women is about 3.5 litres
e) in men is about 5 litres
P) is the sum of inspirational reserve volume, respiration volume and expiratory reserve
volume
During the birth of a human under physiological circumstances:
a) the uterine muscles move and push the baby out of the womb
b) the duration of labour is on average 8-16 hours
c) after the opening of the uterus, the baby is pushed very quickly a 20-40 minutes after the birth of the baby placenta is removed
e) autonomic nerves and hormones control the birth
For a new-born period in humans, the following applies:
a) it begins with the birth
b) it lasts until the end of the first month after the birth
c) the new-born is adapted to living conditions outside the mother’s body
d) at the beginning, after the birth, the new-born will begin to breathe
e) at the beginning, after the birth, the neonatal circulation system is separated from the mother
f) at the beginning, after the birth, the blood begins to oxygenate in his lungs
The skeleton of the head consists of the:
a) nasal bone
b) processus styloideus of the temporal bone
c) frontal bone
d) zygomatic bone
e) upper jaw
f) jawbone
g) lacrimal bone
h) temporal bone
Metabolism in humans:
b) decreases in the old age
c)is controlled hormonally
d) is controlled by nerves
g) increases with excessive thyroid activity
Carbohydrates are digested in humans:
a) in the oral cavity
b) by ptyalin
c) by amylase
d) in the small intestine
Knee joint injuries:
c) may result in permanent limitation of mobility
e) may occur, for example, after a fall
f) may occur, for example, in sport
h) are difficult to treat
The muscles of the lower limb include the:
(a) front tibial muscle
b) three-headed calf muscle
g) long muscle of the thigh
h) oblique calf muscle
The muscles of the lower limb include the:
(a) front tibial muscle
b) three-headed calf muscle
g) long muscle of the thigh
h) oblique calf muscle
