m Flashcards
Lysosomes
are small vesicles made of biomembrane
contain digestive enzymes
contain enzymes capable of cleaving certain substances
are a permanent membrane organ of eukaryotic animal cells
their enzymes decompose some of the substances taken into the cells
The phases of mitotic division in eukaryotic cells include:
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Cells with one chromosome set are called:
haploid
gametes
oogonia
Cell wall of a eukaryotic cell may include
chitin, cellulose, lignin, salts and wax
Where are the nuclear pores in eukaryotic cells
in the nuclear envelope of the eukaryotic cell
the human colon:
(a) no digestive juices are released into it
b) there is limited absorption - e.g. water
(d) bacteria in it produce B-complex vitamins and K vitamin
f) the activity of bacteria generates gases that stretch its wall and stimulate its activity
h) bacterial activity produces toxic substances that are degraded in the liver
The human forebrain:
contains the basal ganglia, which are formed by the clumps of grey matter
contains the basal ganglia involved in motion management
d) contains the cerebral cortex that is folded
e) contains the cerebral cortex that is folded into ridges and grooves
contains the cerebral cortex where consciousness is formed
Human teeth:
[a) are found in the oral cavity
b) are important for speech
there are 32 teeth
are important for mastication
are located in the mandible
The urinary bladder in humans:
a) is located behind the symphysis
b) urine is stored in it/stores urine
c) is emptied by contraction of smooth muscle fibres in its wall
d) accumulates from 500 to 700 ml of urine
Breathing:
a) is a complex function involving special organs
b) oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released
c) breathing muscles are involved
d) blood and blood circulation are involved
e) is controlled by the central nervous system
To determine the sharpness of vision, we use the:
Snellen’s optotypes
Blood transfusion:
b) saves a life by great blood loss
[c) delivers blood cells and important substances
d) supplements the lost volume of circulating blood
today is mostly provided with blood packs
h) to prevent severe damage or death, it is best if the donor and the recipient have the same blood group
How many deciduous teeth do humans have?
20
Through which parts of the circulatory system does blood pass after it leaves the
right ventricle?
pulmonary arteries and capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, smaller arteries, capillaries, veins, upper (lower) vein and right atrium
The parts of the excretory system in a healthy human are:
c) one urethra and two ureters
d) a single ureter emerges from each renal pelvis
the ureters leading to the bladder
the kidney as a paired organ located behind the peritoneum
The human skeleton:
forms a moving body support
b) is threaded with joint synovia
the skeleton of the limbs consists of the cingulum and extremity
After fertilization in normal human ontogenesis follows:
a) the zygote division
b) transporting the egg into the uterine cavity by moving the egg duct and its rib linings
c) germination of the embryo in the uterus (3-4 days after fertilization)
e) menstrual bleeding
d) the formation of progesterone, which maintains the secretory phase of the uterine mucosa
Which statement about the human forearm muscles is true?
some begin on the shoulder bone
some begin on the bones of the forearm
their tendons reach to the skeleton of their hands
The human forebrain:
a) is covered with the cerebral cortex
b) it includes the cerebral cortex - the pallium
consists of brain hemispheres
The muscles of the abdomen in man:
form a flexible abdominal wall
promote stool extrusions
e) promote stomach emptying when vomiting
f) promote foetal ejection at birth
g) are working in the bends
h) are working in the bow and turn the body
Synovia in a healthy joint:
nourishes the cartilage
is an important part of the joint
reduces friction
Sleep:
is a basic physiological phenomenon
has a positive effect on the whole body
causes dysfunction of the cerebral cortex
the need for sleep varies in humans
Human parathyroid glands:
are small oval organs
are usually four
c) are located on the back of the thyroid gland
d) produce the parathyroid hormone that controls the body’s metabolism of calcium
Human growth hormone:
c) stimulates the symmetrical growth of bones and soft organs
d) in his redundancy in childhood, gigantism develops
in his insufficient of childhood, nanism develops
is produced in the adenohypophysis
Human eye:
belong to sensitive organs
is moved by the will
What belongs to the muscles of the backside of the torso?
c) the wide muscle of the back
d) the major teres muscle
e) the subscapular muscle
f ) the trapezoid muscle
The liver of a man/ a human:
is located under the right side of the diaphragm
the average weight is 1.5 kg
g) the average weight is 1500 g
h) is also called the hepar
Heat dispersion of the human body is facilitated by:
a) evaporation
b) convection
c) radiation
d) conduction
Processes that take place in the oral cavity of a human are:
a) food intake
b) mechanic processes
c) mixing saliva with food
f) ptyaline effect on food
The thorax is formed:
b) by the sternum
c) by thoracic vertebrae
f) by 12 thoracic vertebrae
g) by ribs
h) by 12 pairs of ribs
The number of human erythrocytes:
a) is a relatively stable value in a healthy adult male
b) depends on the amount of oxygen in the air
e) depends on the altitude they live in
f) is increasing when staying at a high altitude
h) depends on bone marrow activity
It is known that estrogens in a woman:
a) affects the growth and development of sexual organs/
b) affects the development of secondary sexual traits
c) their effect is noticeable in puberty
d) affects the growth of the uterus, oocyte and external genitalia
e) causes a different skeleton development (wider pelvis), a typical distribution of fatty tissue and other secondary sexual traits
g) acts on the central nervous system, has a relation to feminine sexual sensation and behaviour
It is known that the components of total lung capacity in a healthy human are:
a) the vital capacity consisting of the inspiratory reserve volume, the respiration volume and the expiratory reserve volume
b) the total lung capacity giving the sum of vital capacity and residual volume
c) the inspiratory reserve volume, which is larger than the respiratory volume
d) the inspiratory reserve volume, which is larger than the inspiratory respiration volume
e) the residual volume, which is less than the inspired reserve volume
f) the residual volume, which is less than the reserve volume
The spine’s direction at the arrow axis of a human is professionally called:
dorsal
The most powerful muscle of the thigh in humans is the:
(h) muscle that shapes the surface of the thigh and causes elongation in the knee joint
How does parasympathetic affect the circulatory system and the heart?
b) slows heart activity
c) weakens myocardial contractions
d) reduces blood pressure
The number of red blood cells of a healthy person does not depend on:
the temperature of surroundings
d) heterotermia
e) the season of the year
photosynthesis
The activity of skeletal muscles allows a person:
to keep/maintain the upright position
speech
e) multiple body movements
f) multiple movements of body parts
g) work performance
Human muscles of the forearm:
are involved in movements in the elbow joint
they move in the wrist with all their hands
bend and pull the fingers
includes extensor carpi radialis longus
People with good sight have visual acuity of:
6/6
Lymph nodes of humans:
a) are located at the pinna
b) are located in the area of groins
d) are for example cervical lymph nodes
e) are for example pelvic lymph nodes
What is involved in maintaining a body temperature?
(a) physical processes
b) chemical processes in the body
c) endocrine glands
d) the hypothalamus
e) heat receptors
f) cold receptors
How many true ribs does a healthy woman have?
14
7 pairs
Which of these belong to human airways?
a) nasal cavity
b) nasopharynx
c) Jarynx
d) trachea
e) bronchi
f) alveoli
h) pharynx
An important part of the joint is:
articular head
d) cartilage
e) articular ligaments
f) synovia
8) joint capsule
h) articular cartilage
The total capacity of the lungs in humans include the:
a) vital capacity
b) residual volume
c) inspiratory reserve volume
d) respiratory volume
e) expiratory reserve volume
f) free volume
White blood cells of a human:
a) are cells with a nucleus
b) are leukocytes
(c) there are more types of them
e) have various live span
f) also occur in lymph
How many grams of haemoglobin does 1 litre of the blood of a healthy adult male contain on average?
150
Normal blood pressure values in the diagonal artery of a healthy adult human are:
b) diastolic 8-11 kPa
d) systolic 14-16 kPa
The professional term for “deep” is:
profundus
What can we say about the connection between the carrier and the pivot:
a) it is a joint connection
c) it is a special type of a vertebrae connection
d) the tooth of the pivot allows rotational movements of the head
e) the tooth of the pivot is connected with a join to the carrier
f) the tooth of the pivot is connected with a join to the arc of the carrier
h) the tooth of the pivot is connected with a join to the front arc of the carrier
What is true about the first two cervical vertebrae and their connections?
the atlas does not have any body
the atlas has a front arc
the atlas has a back-arc
f) the atlas is connected to the skull
g) the pivot has a process projecting upward - the “tooth”
h) in the opening of the carrier is a transverse ligament
The excretion of harmful substances in humans can be carried out:
a) by excretory organs
b) by kidneys
c) by the liver
d) by the skin
e) by the lungs
[f) by digestive organs
The connective cartilage of the bones in the human body form:
intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae
pubic symphysis
The human testes:
(a) are bodies with a mixed function
b) produce eggs
c) produce sex hormones
d) produce male germ cells
e) produce testosterone
g) their function is not cyclic
Human small intestine activity is subject to the following:
(a) digestion of all nutrients is completed in the small intestine
b) bile and pancreatic juice flow into the duodenum
c) performs local and global movements
d) repeating contractions and relaxations of the adjacent sections help mix the chyme with digestive juices
f) the acidic stomach content is alkalized in the duodenum
The parts of the excretory system in a healthy woman:
b) ureters end up in the bladder
d) the kidneys are in the lumbar region of the spine, beyond the peritoneum
e) the kidneys are paired organs, each produces one ureter, that flows into the bladder
f) renal arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta
g) the urethra is shorter than the male one
h) the bladder is located between the uterus and the pubic symphysis
The muscles of the lower limb include:
a) muscles of the hip
b) muscles that are attached to the femur
d) the muscles that surround the femur
f) muscles of the calf
Human teeth:
a) are in the upper jaw and the lower jaw
c) are an important component of the aesthetic appearance of the mouth
d) are an important component of the aesthetic appearance of the face
f) we distinguish between milk and permanent
permanent teeth gradually replace milk teeth
The Rh factor:
is a red blood cell antigen
c) anti-Rh antibodies are not congenital
anti-Rh antibodies are produced when Rh-positive cells are distributed to the Rh-negative
human
the Rh factor was found out by experimentation with the Maccacus rhesus monkey blood
tests
The muscles of the abdomen in a human:
a) include the rectus muscle of the abdomen
are mostly large and flat
includes an external oblique muscle of the abdomen
their strong contraction will result in the so-called abdominal wall
On the human neck, there are:
muscles that tilt the head
muscles of the neck
muscles that rotate the head
Human reticular formation:
b) has a connection with all parts of the central nervous system
c) is important when awakening from sleep
[e) has importance in the keeping of attention
f) is important in the state of vigilance
g) it has importance in the coordination of movements
h) receives information from all receptors
The human midbrain:
b) is a short section of the brain
c) is a relatively hidden brain section
d) is a relatively hidden section of the brain in front of the bridge
many nervous paths pass through it
g) produces nerves, that innervate the extraocular muscles
h) the centres of unconditioned visual and auditory reflexes are located here
In the human skin, there are:
6) sebaceous glands
b) sweat glands
c) receptors
d) tactile bodies
blood vessels
The professional term for “left is:
sinister
The reproductive system of a woman includes the:
vagina
uterus
ovaries
fallopian tubes
The small intestine in human:
a) is the site of absorption
b) is the site of resorption
g) is 3-3.5 cm wide
(h) has a length of 4-5 m
Menstruation, as a part of the menstrual cycle:
the yellow body disappears if the egg is not fertilized
if the egg has not been fertilized, the vessels are withdrawn in the mucosa, its surface layer atrophies and is washed away with menstrual blood
the woman will lose about 40-50 ml of blood
How is the bile pigment called, which gives a red precipitate with fuming nitrie
acid:
bilirubin
Contraction of the muscles, which forms the flexible abdominal wall, leads to:
abdominal wall
Teeth:
a) need to be cleaned daily
b) are important for speech
d) are important for chewing
e) are divided into incisors, canines, premolars, molars
f) we know milk and permanent ones
g) the premolars disrupt food
The deficiency of cobalamin in human is manifested by:
malignant anaemia
pernicious anaemia
The red bone marrow in humans produces:
a) blood cells
b) lymphocytes
g) white blood cells
h) red blood cells
erythrocytes
Death:
is a lawful phenomenon
b) ends the life of the whole organism
c) is caused by stopping of the vital functions
d) cells and tissues lose the conditions for metabolism and disintegrate
c) the most common causes of death are disorders of the circulatory system, brain, malignant tumours and injuries
On the cross-section of the human bone, the following can be observed:
a) cortical lamellae of the compact bone
b) tubular lamellae of compact bone
c) bone cells
d) periosteum
e) blood vessels and nerves
g) trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue
(h) tissue membrane covering the surface
What is a stroke?
c) the condition when a blood clot blocks the cerebral vessel
d) a condition that causes paralysis
e) a condition that causes loss of movement
h) the result of a pyramid path interruption
Ovulation as a phase of the menstrual cycle:
a) usually occurs between the 12th and 14th day of the cycle
b) there is the release of an egg from the Graafian follicle
c) in its course the egg gets into the mouth of the oviduct
d) in the course of the process the uterine mucosa is completely restored and is in a relaxed state
) in its course, the egg is moved in the oviduct towards the uterus
In the elbow joint:
three bones meet
the elbow bone ends with an articular surface on the upper side
is the meeting point of radius, the elbow bone and the shoulder bone
The male reproductive system includes:
vas deferens
c) an injecting duct
d) the prostate
e) epididymis f the prostate gland
h) the penis
Which statement is true about the infections of the human airways?
a) they are most commonly transmitted through the mucus and saliva droplets
b) droplets originating from the patient’s mouth contain pathogenic microorganisms
c) the droplets, by which they are spread, are either floating in the air or falling to the ground
e) include tuberculosis
d) these include rhinitis, influenza, tonsillitis and some infant infections
f) most of them are caused by viruses and do not induce permanent immunity
g) smoking is a potentiating factor
Reproduction:
a) is the inception of an offspring with the same species characteristics as parental organisms
b) we know vegetative and sexual
d) is the basic life trait of plants
g) is the basic life trait of animals
The movement of turning the palm down is called:
pronation
inward movement
To the muscles of the neck do not belong:
b) tensor fasciae latae
c) external chewing muscle
d) circular muscle of the mouth
f) long external hand retractor
g) circular muscle of the eye socket
The skull of a human in Latin is called:
cranium
What can we say about the muscles of a human thigh:
a) they do not include mimic muscles
b) they include the long muscle of the thigh
c) they do not belong to the muscles of the calf
h) the muscle that forms the outline of the calf doesn’t belong to them
Muscles that belong to the upper limb are:
the deltoid muscle
the long external hand retractor
the long flexor of the thumb
A fatal illness resulting from the complete lack of vitamin B1 is called:
beriberi
The muscles that cause bending are called the:
flexors
benders
The muscle that allows us to pull the torso upwards when we hang on the horizontal bar is called the:
wide muscle of the back
The connecting surfaces of the joint are covered by:
articular cartilage
Overweightness:
is professionally called obesity
occurs mainly after overeating
e) may be a consequence of a metabolic disorder
is caused by long-term overeating
The pressure corresponding to the lowest arterial pressure is called:
diastolic
The muscles that move the palm down are called:
pronators
inward-moving
Which bones of the skull do not junction together?
b) temporal bone and nasal bone
c) frontal bone and temporal bone
d) parietal bone and lower jaw
e) parietal bone and upper jaw
f) occipital bone and nasal bone
Choose the true statement about the function of a human stomach:
its job is to collect and retain more of the food you eat.
by movements of his wall, the food is mixed with stomach juice
the chyme is expelled from it in small doses into the duodenum
when excessive irritation occurs, vomiting is induced - emptying the content through the oesophagus and mouth out of the body
The human hip joint:
b) the femur forms the head
c) the joint socket is in the pelvic bone
does not contain intervertebral discs
h) has a small amount of joint grease in the articular cavity
To the muscles of the lower human limb belong:
oblique muscle of the calf
muscles that perform movements in the hip joint
the long extensor of the hallux
In the horizontal plane, the direction to the middle of the body is:
medial
How does the sympathetic system affect the circulatory system and the heart?
a) it accelerates the heart activity
e) it increases the heart rate
f) it increases the blood pressure
The frequency of the dominant allele is 0.97. Calculate the frequency of dominant homozygotes:
0.9409
If we find out/ know that there are 2500 recessive homozygotes per 1 million
people in the population, then the frequency of heterozygotes is:
9.5%
The recessive allele responsible for qualitative trait occurs in the population at a frequency of 10%. The frequency of dominant homozygotes for this trait is:
81%
The recessive allele responsible for qualitative trait occurs in the population at a frequency of 10%. The frequency of heterozygotes for this trait is:
18%
The frequency of the dominant allele is 0.97. Calculate the frequency of the recessive alleles:
3%
The autosomal recessive trait occurs in a population with a frequency of 4 cases per 10,000 people. Calculate the frequency of recessive alleles in the population:
2%
The frequency of the dominant allele A is 0.90. What is the frequency of recessive homozygotes?
1%
The recessive allele responsible for the qualitative trait occurs in the population at a frequency of 10%. The frequency of recessive homozygotes for this trait is:
1%
