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Musculoskeletal > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of fungi?

A

yeasts, molds, and dimorphic

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2
Q

what are some general fungi characteristics?

A

eukaryotic, chitin in cell walls, uni or multicellular, non-photosynthetic, obligate anaerobes, decomposers of dead material

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3
Q

what are the superficial mycoses?

A

yeasts - trichosporin, malassezia

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4
Q

what are the cutaneous mycoses?

A

molds - trichiophyton, epidermophyton, and microsporum

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5
Q

what is chitin?

A

a polysaccharide that has long chains of N-acetylglucosamine

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6
Q

what does the fungal membrane contain that is a good drug target?

A

ergosterol

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7
Q

what are the two ways that yeast reproduce?

A

budding or binary fission

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8
Q

what do you call networks of hyphae?

A

mycelium

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9
Q

what is the purpose of septa in hyphae?

A

to make compartment but not discrete cells - have pores that allow passage of material

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10
Q

what are spores?

A

something that all molds can make through mitosis or meiosis that allow dispersal of genetics and dormancy if conditions are unfavorable

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11
Q

what is a germ tube?

A

a small immture hyphae that grows from a germinating spore

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12
Q

what are methods to visualize fungi using microscopy?

A

KOH, calcoflour white, india ink, methenamine silver

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13
Q

what is sabouraud’s agar?

A

inhibits bacterial growth, but promotes fungal growth

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14
Q

what are three classes of antifungal treatments?

A

azoles, polyenes, echinocandins

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15
Q

what do azoles do?

A

they inhibit synthesis of ergosterol

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16
Q

what do polyenes do?

A

one example is amphotericin

they bind to ergosterol and make pores, causing osmotic death

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17
Q

what do echinocandins do?

A

they block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the synthesis of beta-glucan

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18
Q

what are some examples of azoles?

A

fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole

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19
Q

what are some side effects of azoles?

A

heptotoxicity is rare, voriconazole can lead to visual disturbances or hepatitis

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20
Q

what are some examples of polyenes?

A

liposomal amphotericin B, nystatin (topical)

21
Q

what are some side effects of polyenes?

A

renal toxicity, chills, headache

22
Q

what are side effects of echinocandins?

A

GI effects, flushing

23
Q

what are some endothelial defenses to fungi?

A

dectin-1 - a PAMP that recognizes beta-glucan

defensins

24
Q

what do neutrophils protect against?

A

molds

25
Q

what do Th1 cells protect against?

A

intracellular fungi

26
Q

what do Th17 cells protect against?

A

mucosal fungal infections

27
Q

what are characteristics of superficial mycoses?

A

colonized keratinized outer layer of hair, skin, nails; noninflammatory; easy to treat

28
Q

what are characteristics of cutaneous mycoses?

A

invade/colonize in epidermis and cause inflammatory response

29
Q

what is the major superficial mycosis?

A

pityriasis versicolor (aka tinea versicolor)

30
Q

what are the two species that cause pityriasis versicolor?

A

malassezia furfur and globosa

31
Q

what diagnostic tool can be used for pirtyriasis versicolor?

A

wood’s lamp - appears yellow-green

32
Q

what is does pityriasis versicolor look like microscopically?

A

yeast-like cells and pseudohyphae

33
Q

what is the treatment for pityriasis versicolor?

A

topical or oral azoles, selenium sulfide shampoo

34
Q

how do you identify cutaneous mycoses based on microscopy?

A

the presence of macro and microconidia

35
Q

what are some examples of cutaneous mycoses?

A

tinea, athlete’s foot, ringworm

36
Q

what a mycosis that affects your nails?

A

tinia unguium aka onchomycosis

37
Q

how do you treat skin cutaneous mycoses?

A

topical azoles and terbinafine

38
Q

how do you treat hair and nail cutaneous mycoses?

A

oral azoles, terbinafine, and griseofulvin (hepatotoxicity)

39
Q

what is sporotrichosis?

A

a subcutaneous mycosis that is caused by a dimorphic fungus that lives in soil and vegetation

40
Q

what is a special microscopic determinant of sporotrichosis?

A

splendore-hoeppli phenomenon in which you see a pink granulomatous center surrounded by a starburst

41
Q

what is the treatment for sporotrichosis?

A

itraconazole, KI

42
Q

how does sporotrichosis spread?

A

along the lymphatics, leaving lesions as it travels

43
Q

what is chromomycosis?

A

a subcutaneous fungal infection that manifests with warty/nodular lesions that is more common in the tropics

44
Q

what are some microscopic characteristics of chromomycosis?

A

muriform cells - brown with septation (aka Medlar bodies); often present with granulomatous inflammation

45
Q

how do you treat chromomycosis?

A

itraconazole, terbinafine, local heat, cryotherapy, surgery contraindicated

46
Q

what is eumycotic mycetoma?

A

a deep, serious subcutaneous infection manifesting by localized swelling and discharege from sinuses containing black granules

47
Q

what are some possible fungi that cause eumycotic mycetomas?

A

madurella, fusarium, acremonium, exophiala, scedosporium

48
Q

what is treatment for eumycotic mycetomas?

A

antifungals, surgery maybe - oftentimes amputation is bad enough

Musculoskeletal (21 decks)

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