Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five required cofactors for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

NAD+, lipoic acid, FAD, CoA, and thiamine pyrophosphate

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2
Q

why do we use thiamine pyrophosphate in alpha-decarboxylations?

A

because it has a thiazole ring where a reactive carbon can be made

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3
Q

what are the three components of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

E1, E2, E3 (E2 on inside, E3 and E1 on outside)

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4
Q

what is the E1 part of PDC?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase with TPP

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5
Q

what is the E2 part of PDC?

A

transacetylases (with lipoic acid)

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6
Q

what is the E3 part of PDC?

A

dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (contains FAD)

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7
Q

what are possible symptoms of thiamine deficiency?

A

polyneuropathy, paresthesia (tingling/prickling), paresis (paralysis/weakness), psychiatric confabulation, possible edema (wet beri beri - flabby dilated heart)

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8
Q

what Leigh syndrome?

A

neurodegenerative disorder due to build-up of lactic acid in brain - it is a mitochondrial disorder with poor functioning oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of Leigh syndrome?

A

weakness, hypotonia, ataxia, spasticity, respiratory disease, dyspnea, opthalmoplegia, optic atrophy; ultimately lethal
*can result from deficient pyruvate carboxylase

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10
Q

what are the sources of Acetyl CoA?

A

fatty acids, pyruvate, amino acids, ketone bodies, acetate

**Fargo Put Away Keys Again

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11
Q

how much ATP is generated from one NADH?

A

2.5 ATP

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12
Q

how much ATP is generated from one FADH2?

A

1.5ATP

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13
Q

how much ATP is generated from one round of the TCA cycle?

A

10 ATP

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14
Q

how much ATP is generated from the TCA cycle per glucose?

A

20 ATP

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15
Q

which enzyme is a key regulator of the TCA cycle and what inhibits and activates it?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

it is activated by ADP and inhibited by NADH

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16
Q

what can citrate be used to make?

A

fatty acids

17
Q

what can alpha-ketoglutarate be used for?

A

amino acid and neurotransmitter synthesis

18
Q

what can Succinyl CoA be used for?

A

heme synthesis

19
Q

what can malate be used for?

A

gluconeogenesis

20
Q

what can oxaloacetate be used for?

A

amino acid synthesis