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Mycobacterium spp. Flashcards

1
Q

Is corynebacterium gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram Positive w/ Mycolic Acid

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2
Q

Oxygen requirement?

A

Aerobic growth

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3
Q

T/F: Mycobacterium survives well in the environment

A

True

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4
Q

M. Avium is found in patients that are ____________

A

Immunocompromised and intracellular lay

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5
Q

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the scientific name of _______

A

Johne’s Disease

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6
Q

What type of pathogens are Mycobacterium?

A

Facultative intracellular pathogens (survive in macrophages)

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7
Q

What type of immunity is assoc. with Mycobacterium?

A

Cellular - Th1 response

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8
Q

What type of inflammation is assoc. with Mycobacterium?

A

Granulomatous inflammation (CHRONIC)

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9
Q

What are the 2 virulence factors associated with Mycobacterium?

A
  1. Mycolic acid containing cell wall lipids

2. Cell protein antigens

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10
Q

Mycolic acid in the cell wall allows for ________(3)

A

Survival in macrophages, stimulate cytokines production, enhance immunomodulating effects

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11
Q

What protein is involved with Cell Protein Antigens (virulence factor)

A

Tuberculin

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12
Q

Mycobacterium spp. stains Acid fast __________ bacteria, and the reaction is generally ___________

A

Positive, and weak

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13
Q

M. tuberculosis, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. lepraemurium are all considered ________________ pathogens

A

Obligate Pathogens

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14
Q

Most spp. of Mycobacterium are soil and water ___________

A

Saprophytes - they can opportunistically infect hosts

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15
Q

Important Diseases caused by Mycobacterium (5)

A

M. tuberculosis / M. bovis - mammalian tuberculosis

M. Avium subsp. avium - avian tuberculosis

M. Leprae (human) - leprosy

M. Lepraemurium (cat) - leprosy

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis - Johne’s disease

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16
Q

M. tuberculosis (human) is transmitted via

A

Inhalation

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17
Q

M. bovis is transmitted via:

A

Ingestion

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18
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is associated with Tuberculosis?

A

Type IV (Delayed) Hypersensitivity

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19
Q

What type of necrosis is assoc. with Tuberculosis (think M. avian subsp. paratuberculosis)

A

Caseous necrosis

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20
Q

What kind of lesions are assoc. with Tuberculosis?

A

Granulomas

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21
Q

What types of tubercles can form from Granulomas? (2)

A
  1. “Hard” Tubercle - epithelioid macrophages

2. “Soft” Tubercle - caseous necrosis

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22
Q

What type of epithelioid cells surround the Granuloma (tubercle)

A

Multinucleated giant cells (Langhan’s cells)

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23
Q

What are the elements of a Granuloma (tubercle)?

A
  1. Activated macrophage/epithelioid cells
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Fibrosis
  4. Mineralization
  5. Coagulative/ caseous/ liquefactive necrosis (sometimes seen)
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24
Q

Who are the reservoirs for M. tuberculosis?

A

HUMANS

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25
Is M. tuberculosis zoonotic?
YES
26
What is the transmitting route from Elephants-humans?
Through aerosol
27
What are the 4 PRIMARY drugs to treat TB?
Isoniazid Rifamycins Ethambutol Pyrazinamide
28
What are the two secondary drug types to treat TB?
Aminoglycosides | Fluoroquinolones
29
Can you use combination drug therapy with TB?
Yes, combination therapy is needed
30
What drugs are associated with Multi-drug resistance TB (MDR-TB)?
Isoniazid and Rifampin
31
Is M. Bovis zoonotic?
YES - zoonotic TB
32
What is the main portal of entry for M. bovis?
The GI Tract
33
What is the host range for M. bovis?
BROAD RANGE - primarily bovine but can infect opossum, badgers, deer, and several other wildlife spp.
34
At what stage is M. bovis (Bovine TB) recognized?
Very advanced stages (earlier stages are generally unrecognizable); sometimes unrecognized until slaughter
35
What is the most common mode of transmission for M. bovis?
Aerosol*** among cattle
36
How do most humans acquire M. bovis?
In unpasteurized / contaminated milk
37
Where does M. bovis enters the body for cattle? For badgers?
Cattle - at any site | badgers - through skin wounds
38
What are the typical clinical signs assoc. with M. bovis?
Enlarged regional lymph nodes and generalized wasting
39
How would you diagnose Bovine TB?
``` Tuberculin test Acid-fast stain Culture PCR *Tuberculin hypersensitivity skin tests* ```
40
What vaccines are available (if any) for cattle and humans for M. bovis TB?
Cattle - no vaccines available | Humans - vaccine for high prevalent areas
41
What are the primary hosts for Johne's Disease?
Ruminants (CATTLE)
42
What condition is associated with Johne's Disease?
Chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis
43
Pathogenesis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis?
Granulomatous enteritis
44
How do cattle develop M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis?
Infection via ingestion of contaminated milk OR in utero
45
What disease is associated with having an "iceberg effect?
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ** - numerous asymptomatic shedders (in feces, and sometimes milk) Infected herd: 35% immune, 60% asympt. shedders, 2-5% develop clinical disease
46
What are the symptoms associated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis? (2)
Diarrhea and weight loss (due to disruption of ileo-cecal mucosa)
47
How would you diagnosis Johne's Disease?
SEROLOGY (ELISA - milk, serum)
48
What mechanism can result in advanced stages of Johne's Disease is left untreated?
A nervy
49
What age group is most susceptible to infection of Johne's Disease?
Young - incubation period can be up to 2 yrs.
50
How to treat Johne's Disease?
``` Culling sick Detection/isolation Separate calves at birth Pasture rotation Possible vaccination (usually restricted) ```
51
M. Paratuberculosis may have a role in which disease?
Crohn's Disease
52
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) has 3 subsp. that are...?
Subsp. avium - Avian TB Subsp. sylvaticum - Non-TB (atypical) mycobacteriosis Subsp. hominisuis - pig and human
53
What type of infections does MAC cause?
Opportunistic granulomatous infections in humans, animals, and birds
54
Where is MAC typically found?
In soil and water (low pH, high temp tolerance)
55
M. Ulcerans and Burundi ulcer is a frequent Mycobacterium disease in what host?
Humans - devastating disease
56
In what region (topics / cold) would you find M. ulcerans?
Tropical wetlands
57
M. Leprae is otherwise known as (common name)?
Leprosy or Hansen's Disease
58
Transmission of M. leprae is from shedding through _______
Nose
59
What is the only known reservoir?
Nine-banded Armadillo
60
Few acid fast positive bacilli in a lesion is associated with which type of leprosy?
Tuberculoid (paucibacillary)
61
No cell mediated response, severe disease, with numerous acid fast positive bacilli, is assoc. with what type of leprosy?
Lepromatous (multibacillary)
62
M. Lepraemurium is also called ____ (common name)?
Feline and Murine Leprosy
63
What are the lesions associated with M. lepraemurium?
Solitary/multiple cutaneous nodules OR ulcerated lesions
64
Pathogenesis assoc. with M. lepraemurium?
Granulomatous Dermatitis Panniculitis
65
Diagnosis via:
Geimsa Stain PCR Acid Fast Stain
66
What drugs are used for treatment?
Rifampin, Clarithromycin, Clofazimine Doxycycline for dogs
67
Saprophytic Mycobacterium spp. Have what type of host response? (What host pathogenesis?)
Granulomatous to pyogranulonatous chronic non-healing cutaneous lesions with lack of anti-microbial treatment

RUSVM BacT Exam 1 (15 decks)

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