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Microbiology > Mycobacterium > Flashcards

Mycobacterium Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacteria include 2 species that almost every one has heard of:

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium Leprae

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2
Q

Causes tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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3
Q

Causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium Leprae

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4
Q

These organism are thin rods with lipid-laden cell walls.

A

Mycobacteria

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5
Q

Only Mycobacteria and Nocardia are _______.

A

Acid-fast

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6
Q

An obligate aerobe, which makes sense as it most commonly infects the lungs, where oxygen is abundant.

A

Acid-fast bacillus

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7
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows very slowly, taking up to ______ for visible growth.

A

6 weeks

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8
Q

There is one class of lipid that only acid-fast organisms have and that is involved in mycobacterial virulence-mycosides. The terminology is as follows:

A 
Mycolic acid
Mycoside
Cord factor
Sulfatides
Wax D
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9
Q

A large fatty acid. The chemical structure of mycolic acid, which is a large fatty acid.

A

Mycolic acid

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10
Q

A mycolic acid bound to a carbohydrate, forming a glycolipid.

A

Mycoside

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11
Q

A mycoside formed by the union of 3 mycolic acids with a disaccharide.

A

Cord factor

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12
Q

Cord factor mycoside is only found in virulent strains of _______________.

A

Mycobaterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

Mycosides that resemble cord factor with sulfates attached to the disaccharide. They inhibit the phagosome from fusing with the lysosome that contains bacteriocidal enzymes.

A

Sulfatides

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14
Q

A complicated mycosides that acts as an adjuvant ( enhances antibody formation to an antigen) and may be the part of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that activates the protective cellular immune system.

A

Wax D

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15
Q

Affects the lung but can also cause disease in almost any other tissue.

A

Mycobaterium tuberculosis

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16
Q

It spreads and damages the body depends on the host’s immune response. The organism and the immune system interact as follows:

A

Facultative intracellular growth

Cell-mediated immunity

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17
Q

Mycobacterium Test

A

PPD skin test

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18
Q

Some of the macrophages succeed in phagocytosing and breaking up the invading bacteria.
These macrophages then run toward a local lymph node and present parts of the bacteria to T- helper cells.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

Intradermal injection of antigenic protein particles from killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)

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20
Q

The test is positive at 5 mm of induration in patients who are immunocompromised, such as those with aids.

A

PPD SKIN TEST

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21
Q

First exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis called _______ and usually is a subclinical (asymptomatic) lung infection.

A

Primary Tuberculosis

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22
Q

These defeated bacteria lie dormant but can later rise up and cause disease. This second infection is called _________.

A

Secondary or reactivation tuberculosis

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23
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is usually transmitted.

A

Aerosolized Droplet Nuclei

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24
Q

Tuberculosis is a confusing disease because so many different things can happen. As cell mediated immunity develops.

A
  1. The infection can be contained so that the patient will not even realize he was infected.
  2. It can become a symptomatic disease.
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25
Q

This vaccine is debatably effective in preventing tuberculosis but it causes a positive PPD.

A

BCG ( Bacilus Calmette-Guerin)

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26
Q

A calcified tubercle in the middle or lower lung zone.

A

Ghon focus

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27
Q

A ghon focus accompanied by perihilar lymph node calcified granulomas.

A

Ghon or Ranke, complex.

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28
Q

In the lungs the caseous material eventually liquifies, is extruded out the bronchi, and leaves behind cavitary lesions, shown here with fluid in the cavities called ____________.

A

Cavitary lesions with air- fluid levels

29
Q

Most adult cases of tuberculosis occur after the bacteria have been dormant for some time.

A

Reactivation or secondary tuberculosis

30
Q

Common site of reactivation tuberculosis. The infection usually occurs in the apical areas of the lung around the clavicles.

A

Pulmonary tuberculosis

31
Q

Infection in these spaces result in infected fluid collections around the lung or heart respectively.

A

Pleural and pericardial infection

32
Q

The most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. The cervical lymph nodes are usually involved.

A

Lymph node infection

33
Q

Become swollen, mat together, and drain, lymph node tuberculosis.

34
Q

Patients will have red and white blood cells in the urine, but no bacteria are seen by Gram stain or grow in culture.

35
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis takes weeks to grow in culture and are acid-fast

A

Sterile pyuria

36
Q

This usually involves the thoracic and lumbar spine, destroying the intervertebral discs and then the adjacent vertebral bodies. (Pott’s disease)

37
Q

There is usually a chronic arthritis of 1 joint.

38
Q

Tuberculosis cause subacute meningitis and forms granulomas in the brain.

A

Central Nervous System

39
Q

Tiny millet-seed-sized tubercles are disseminated all over the body like a shotgun blast. The kidneys, liver, lungs, and other organs are riddled with the tubercles.

A

Miliary tuberculosis

40
Q

Diagnosis

A

PPD skin test
Chest x-ray
Sputum acid-fast stain and culture

41
Q

This screening test indicates an exposure sometime in the past.

A

PPD skin test

42
Q

You may pick up an isolated granuloma, Ghon focus, Ghon complex, old scarring in the upper lobes, or active tuberculosis and active tuberculosis pneumonia.

A

Chest x-ray

43
Q

When the acid-fast stain or culture are positive, this indicates an active pulmonary infection.

A

Sputum acid-fast stain and culture

44
Q

A large group of mycobacteria live in water and soil mostly in the southern US.

A

A typical mycobacteria

45
Q

Mycobacterium ovium aka __________ intracellular usually infects birds (ovium) and other animals.

A

Mycobacterium ovium complex

46
Q

Mycobacterium leprae also known as

A

Hansen’s Disease

47
Q

An acid fast rod. It is impossible to grow this bacterium or artificial media; it has only been in the footpads of mice, in armadillos and in monkeys.

A

Mycobacterium leprae

48
Q

Clinical manifestation of leprosy are dependent on 2 phenomena:

A
  1. The bacteria appear to grow better in cooler body temperatures closer to the skin surface .
  2. The severity of the disease is dependent on the host’s cell-mediated immune response to the bacilli.
49
Q

Leprosy involves the cooler areas in the body. It damages the:

A

Skin ( sparing warm areas such as the armpit, groin, and perineum), the superficial nerves, eyes, nose, and testes.

50
Q

Leprosy is broken up into five subdivision based on the level of cell-mediated immunity:

A 
Lepromatous Leprosy
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Borderline Lepromatous
Borderline
Borderline tuberculoid
50
Q

Leprosy is broken up into five subdivision based on the level of cell-mediated immunity:

A 
Lepromatous Leprosy
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Borderline Lepromatous
Borderline
Borderline tuberculoid
51
Q

This is the severest form of leprosy because patients can NOT mount a cell mediated immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.

A

Lepromatous Leprosy

52
Q

Can mount a cell-mediated defense against the bacteria, thus containing the skin damage so that it is not excessive.

A

Tuberculoid Leprosy

53
Q

This test is similar to PPD used in tuberculosis. It measures the ability of the host to mount a delayed hypersensitivity reaction against antigens reaction against antigens of Mycobacterium Leprae.

A

Lepromin skin

54
Q

Tiniest free-living organisms capable of self replication. They are smaller than some of the larger viruses. Mycoplasmataceae are unique bacteria because they lack a peptidoglycan.

A

Mycoplasmataceae

55
Q

Two Pathogenic Species of Mycoplasmaceae

A

Mycoplasma pnuemoniae

Ureaplasma urealyticum

56
Q

Causes a mild, self limited bronchitis and pneumonia.

A

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

57
Q

Diagnostic tests include: (MYCOPLASM)

A

Cold agglutinins
Complement fixation test
Sputum Culture
Mycoplasma DNA probe

58
Q

Certain present on human blood cells are identical to antigens of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane glycolipids.

A

Cold Agglutinins

59
Q

A fourfold rise in antibody titer between acute and convalescent samples is diagnostic of a recent infection.

A

Complement fixation test

60
Q

These media must be rich in cholesterol and contain nucleic acids (purines and pyrimidines). Tiny domed shape colony of Mycoplasma will assume a ‘fried egg’

A

Sputum Culture

61
Q

Sputum samples are mixed with a labeled recombinant DNA sequence homologous to that of the mycoplasma

A

Mycoplasma DNA Probe

62
Q

Identified by its ability to metebolize urea into ammonia and carbon.

A

Ureaplsma Urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma)

63
Q

Characterized by burning on urination

A

Urethritis

64
Q

2 bacterias that cause urethritis:

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia Trachomatis

65
Q

Chronic skin ulcers with necrotic centers

A

Mycobacterium Ulcerens

66
Q

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium Kansasii

67
Q

Skin granulomas (called swimming pool or fish tank granulomas) which occur at the site of abrasions.

A

Mycobacterium Marinum

68
Q

Cervical lymphadenitis (primarily in children) called scrofula.

A

Mycobacterium Scrofulaceum

Microbiology (7 decks)

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