Mutations (primarily In Bacteria)

Question 1

Name the 6 types of mutations

Answer 1

Frame shift

Base changing

Deletion

Duplication

Inversion

Insertion

Question 2

Basepair change mutations is when a base is swapped. Name the terms to describe the mutation from purine to purine / etc. And for purine to pyrimidine

Answer 2

Purine to purine Eg A to G = TRANSITION

purine to pyrimidine Eg A to C = TRANSVERSIONS

Question 3

In base pair changes, does this cause the complementary strand to change the base?

Answer 3

Yes, if the mutation was from A to C, the other strand would read G

Question 4

When do frame shift mutations happen

Answer 4

Addition or deletion in replication stages

Question 5

What is inversion mutation

Answer 5

Chromosome rotates 180 degrees so bases are opposite direction

Question 6

What are the 3 consequences of mutations

Answer 6

Silent - no change in amino acids

Missense - slight change Eg in 1 amino acid

Nonsense - stop codon is encoded for early

Question 7

Scientists now induce mutations which can be advantageous on purpose. What are the 2 selection types for mutants

Answer 7

General selection - random population of mutants isolated then screened

Specific selection- every mutant isolated is of interest

Question 8

What are the 3 ways to select mutants

Answer 8

1) negative selection - the conditions are against mutants Eg don’t survive
2) enrichment - wild type are killed and mutants negatively selected
3) positive selection - mutants favour the conditions, wild type will die

Question 9

Explain the penicillin positive selection example

Answer 9

Mutants are penicillin resistant ; which means when put into the medium with penecillin they will see only mutants , the control would be no penecillin where both wild type and mutants grow