Comparing Bacterial Genomics

Question 1

Are all bacteria consisting of circular genomes?

Answer 1

No, for example strep is linear

Question 2

Give an example of a model organism for bacteria

Answer 2

E. coli

It has many strands which are more dangerous

Question 3

What is the period called when E. coli or any bacteria is replicating it’s chromosome

Answer 3

C period

Question 4

Name the period in bacteria when there is cell division AFTER chromosome replication

Answer 4

D period (divide)

Question 5

How many copies of genes do most bacteria have

Answer 5

1 because they’re haploid. Thus dominant mutations occur

Question 6

Why does e Coli have 7 copies of RRNA ?

Answer 6

To produce enough ribosomes for synthesising

Question 7

streptomyces coelicor has linear chromosomes. The left and right arm are the external genes whereas the middle is core genes. Give an example of ‘extra genes’ found on arms

Answer 7

Genes for Antibiotic synthesis- strep produces antibiotics

Question 8

What is the file called which holds DNA sequence data

Answer 8

Annotation file

Question 9

Humans can’t understand the annotation file it’s too complex, what is used instead to analyse gene sequences?

Answer 9

Visualisation programs Eg Artemis

Question 10

How do visualisation programmes present gene sequences

Answer 10

Both strands in the middle and the 6 reading frames along side of it

The amino acid they code for are on outside (eg A)

Question 11

Why is it important to compare genomes of different bacteria

Answer 11

Because they have different strains which can cause disease. Eg salmonella is a strain of E. coli which can cause gastroenteritis

By comparing sequences it shows genes related to disease

Question 12

On Artemis comparison took it hughlights in lines the identical genes between genomes. What are the regions of identical genes called

Answer 12

Region of synteny

Question 13

Why does the fact not all of the sequences are similar show evolution principle

Answer 13

Mutations which occur spontaneous have given diversity to bacteria
Eg diff strains produced

Question 14

In some cases, genes can be inserted so are longer genomes. How does this happen

Answer 14

Gene transfer.

Eg horizontal gene transfer

Question 15

Name 3 pieces or accessory dna which contributed to the production of diff strains which are genetically different

Answer 15

Plasmids

Pathogenicity islands

Phages

Question 16

What are pathogenicity islands

Answer 16

Units of dna which can be transferred between strains

Question 17

Inversion of genes can also show up when sequencing. What does this mean

Answer 17

Order of genes have inverted

Question 18

Give the 2011 E. coli example of how sequencing is important for health

Answer 18

A strain of ecoli usually harmless had inherited genes for Shiga toxin which was picked up by sequencing

Question 19

What is human metrogenomics

Answer 19

Where they explore the link of human and bacteria- bacteria are living inside humans

Question 20

Explain how the human micro biome project works

Answer 20

Took samples of all body parts and sequences them and found many body bacteria’s eg h pylori

Question 21

Where is base numbering started at in the chromosome

Answer 21

Origin of replication