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MGD > Mutations > Flashcards

Mutations Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for single base substitutions?

A

single nucleotide polymorphins (SNPs)

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2
Q

C -> T changes occur as what proportion of SNPs?

A

2/3

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3
Q

Which are more common: transitions or transversions?

A

Transitions

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4
Q

What is a transition?

A

A base substitution of purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine.

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5
Q

What is a transversion?

A

The base substitution is purine to pyrimidine or vice versa.

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6
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

One amino acid is substituted by another.

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7
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

The substitution does not affect the amino acid coded for.

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8
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

The amino acid codon is mutated to a stop codon.

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9
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

The reading frame of the mRNA is altered.

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10
Q

What are conservative missense mutations?

A

Amino acid substitutions that are better tolerated because the amino acids are similar.

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11
Q

When premature termination occur, what process degrades the protein?

A

Nonsense mediated decay (NMD)

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12
Q

What things can cause base changes?

A 
tautomeric shift
DNA strand slippage
chemical alteration of DNA bases
chemical disruption to DNA base stacking
UV light 
radioactive substances
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13
Q

What is tautomeric shift?

A

A proton briefly changes position in one of the bases that causes altered base pairing properties.
C-A
G-T

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14
Q

What are the 2 ways that slippage can occur?

A

new synthesised strand loops out resulting in addition of one nucleotide to new strand
template strand loops out resulting in omission of one nucleotide from the new strand

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15
Q

What does nitrous acid do?

A

Replaces amino groups with keto groups

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16
Q

What does ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS) cause in DNA?

A

removal of purine rings, apurinic sites can be paired with any base

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17
Q

Name a base stacking mutagen and where it is found

A

IQ

found in cooked meats and cigarette smoke

18
Q

What does IQ do?

A

intercalates between DNA strands forcing the bases further apart, causes misreading by DNA polymerase

19
Q

What other molecule (other than IQ) intercalates with DNA?

A

Ethidium bromide

20
Q

What is thymine dimer formation?

A

UV light photons cause adjacent thymine bases to base pair with one another.

21
Q

What is nucleotide excision repair?

A

enzymes detect mismatched bases by scanning along DNA
replaced with correct base pairs
“patch’’ of DNA sequence is replaced
Used to correct damage done by UV photons

22
Q

What are the 3 types of single strand DNA repair?

A

mismatch repair
Nucleotide excision repair
Base excision repair

23
Q

What is excision repair?

A

Removal of incorrect base pairs

24
Q

Which genes encode mismatch repair enzymes?

A

MLH1
MSH2
MSH6

25
Q

What are the 6 new characteristics of tumour cells?

A

divide independently of external growth signals
ignore external anti-growth signals
avoid apoptosis
divide indefinitely without senescence
stimulated sustained angiogenesis (new blood vessels form)
invade tissues and establish secondary tumours

26
Q

What do all cancer cells exhibit?

A

chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability

27
Q

Which genes are known to be linked to familial breast cancer?

A

BRCA1

BRCA2

28
Q

What are the proteins from the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 usually for?

A

involved in detecting DNA damage and signalling to cell cycle checkpoints

29
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

genes that perform a range of cell cycle functions

can be activated by retroviruses to oncogenes by key amino acid substitutions

30
Q

What does the 2 hit theory refer to?

A

cancer genes tend to harbour recessive mutations but dominant patterns of inheritance

31
Q

What is the most common CF mutation?

A

p.F508del

phenylalanine is deleted

32
Q

What is the most common form of mutation?

A

single base substitutions

33
Q

How do we perform SSCP mutation scanning?

A
  • looking at individual DNA strands
    identify mutated region of gene
    PCR
    amplified DNA is heated then cooled rapidly
    individual strands base pair with themselves
    use DNA electrophoresis and stain
34
Q

What does SSCP stand for?

A

Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism

35
Q

What are the 3 ways of obtaining foetal DNA?

A

amniotic fluid sample
chorionic villus sample
foetal DNA in maternal blood

36
Q

When can we perform amniocentesis and what is the risk of miscarriage?

A

15-20 weeks of gestation

0.5-1.0% chance of miscarriage

37
Q

When can we perform a chorionic villus biopsy and what is the risk of miscarriage?

A

10-13 weeks of gestation

2% risk of miscarriage

38
Q

What does MLPA stand for and what is it used for?

A

Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification

It is used to count the copy number for many exons at once.

39
Q

What is the technique for MLPA?

A

use probes specific to each exon tested
each probe comes in 2 pieces
complete probe can only be formed in the presence of the complete and correct target sequence (DNA ligase)
probe is copied many times using PCR
amount of PCR product for each exon is compared to a ‘normal’ sample

40
Q

What are stuffers?

A

attached to primers

made so that each product will be a different length and therefore can be separated by electrophoresis

MGD (13 decks)

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