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MGD > MGD5+6 > Flashcards

MGD5+6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the methods of long-term regulation?

A

change rate of protein synthesis (transcription or translation)
change rate of protein degradations

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2
Q

What is an isoenzyme?

A

A different form of the same enzyme that has different kinetic properties.

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3
Q

Define product inhibition and state an enzyme affected by it

A

The accumulation of the product of a reaction that inhibits the forward reaction.
Hexokinase

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4
Q

If the curve shifts to the left is this an increase or decrease in affinity?

A

Increase

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5
Q

What are the activators of phosphofructokinase?

A

AMP

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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6
Q

What are the inhibitors of phosphofructokinase?

A

ATP, H+ and citrate

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7
Q

How do kinases work?

A

They transfer the terminal phosphate from ATP to the -OH group of the Ser, Thr or Tyr.

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8
Q

Which enzymes remove phosphate groups?

A

Phosphatases

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9
Q

What is ubiquitin?

A

A molecule that targets proteins for breakdown.

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10
Q

What are methods of short term regulation?

A

change in substrate or product concentration
allosteric regulation
covalent modification
proteolytic cleavage

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11
Q

How is heterochromatin packaged?

A

into solenoids

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12
Q

How is euchromatin packaged?

A

‘beads on a string’

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13
Q

What is the smallest unit of DNA packaging?

A

Nucleosome

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14
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A histone core with the DNA wound twice around it

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15
Q

How many subunits make up a histone?

A

8

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16
Q

Which chromosome is affected in HbS?

A

Chromosome 11

17
Q

What kind of mutation causes HbS?

A

Single base substitution

resulting in a single amino acid substitution

18
Q

Which chromosome is affected in cystic fibrosis?

A

Chromosome 7

19
Q

What is the most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis?

A

A 3 base pair deletion (CTT)

resulting in a single amino acid deletion (Phe)

20
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire DNA sequence of an organism

21
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

The base and sugar

22
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The base, sugar and phosphate group.

23
Q

What is the difference between the sugar in DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides?

A

DNA sugar = deoxyribose

There is no -OH group on carbon 2

24
Q

What charge do phosphate groups have?

A

negative

25
Q

What charge do histones have?

A

Positive

26
Q

What type of bond is formed between carbon 5 and the phosphate group?

A

Phosphodiester bond

27
Q

How many rings does a purine have?

A

2 rings

28
Q

How many rings does a pyrimidine have?

A

1 ring

29
Q

What is an RNA stem loop?

A

When the RNA folds over itself to form H bonds with the complementary bases on the antiparallel part of the strand.

MGD (13 decks)

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