mutations

Question 1

mutations are

Answer 1

heritable changes in base sequences that modify the information content of DNA

Question 2

synonymous or silent

Answer 2

does not have an effect on the primary structure of the protein/peptide

Question 3

non-synonymous

Answer 3

change in amino acid sequence, Either radical or conservation

Question 4

Deleterious

Answer 4

has a negative effect on the fitness of the organism

Question 5

spontaneous

Answer 5

mistakes during replication

exposed to radiation, ultraviolet light, hydrolysis and oxidation

Question 6

base analog mutagens

Answer 6

Fuck up all the tyrosines so that only guanine can pair with them. Thus all A replaced with G.

Question 7

Hydroxilating

Answer 7

Add OH to cytosine so only adenine can pair. Thus A->G

Question 8

Akylating

Answer 8

G is ethylated, binds with T, next split has A’s instead of G’s
G->A

Question 9

Deaminating

Answer 9

remove NH2 from adenine
remove NH2 from cytosine changing it to uracil
u binds with a so A->T
c binds with deanimated a so T->C

Question 10

Intercalatin

Answer 10

I think Indel just swaps whatever it wants

Question 11

Human mutation rate

Answer 11

2-3 10-8/generation)

200-300 an individual

Question 12

types of mutations transmitted to progeny

Answer 12

Germinal