Chp 2

Question 1

genetic material organized into

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

cell division(Fission) in prokaryotes

Answer 2

mother cell divides to produce two daughter cells

• mother cells chromosome duplicated prior to fission
• each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome

Question 3

clone

Answer 3

a population of genetically identical cells

Question 4

colony

Answer 4

a visible mass of cells

Question 5

Steps in mitosis

Answer 5

(interphase)
1. Chromosomes duplicate to produce sister chromatids
2. Duplicated chromosomes condense(spindle inititiation)(Prophase)
//microtubules attach to kinetichores
3. Duplicated chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plane of the cell and the nuclear membrane breaks down
(metaphase)
4. Sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosomes move to opposite polls of the cell
(anaphase)
5. Chromosomes decondense and new nuclear membranes form
(telophase)
6. Membranes form between daughter cells(cytokinesis)

Question 6

Meiosis
Prophase 1(Leptonema)(thin threads)

Answer 6

Chromosomes condense and each chromosome has two sister chromatids

Question 7

Meiosis
Prophase 1(Zygonema)(paired threads

Answer 7

homologous chromosomes begin to pair

• synapsis of homologous chromosomes
• synaptonemal complex

Question 8

Prophase 1:Pachynema

Thick threads

Answer 8

homologous chromosomes fully paired

• chromosomes condense further
• crossing over occurs

Question 9

Meiosis

Prophase 1: Diplonema(Two threads)

Answer 9

Paired chromosomes separate slightly, are in contact at chiasmata

Question 10

Meiosis

Prophase 1: movement through

Answer 10

Paired chromosomes condense further and become attached at spindle fibres

• nuclear envelope fragments
• spindle fibers attach to kinetichores
• chromosomes move to central plane in pairs

Question 11

Metaphase 1

Answer 11

Paired chromosomes allign on the equatorial plane of the cell

• paired chromosomes are oriented towards opposite polls
• terminalization chiasmata move toward telomeres

Question 12

Anaphase 1

Answer 12

Homologous chromosomes disjoin(seperation of paired chromosomes) and move to opposite polls of the cell
- seperated homologues move towards opposite polls

Question 13

Telophase 1

Answer 13

Chromosome movement is completed and new nuclei begin to form

• chromosomes reach polls
• spindle apparatus is dissassembled
• daughter cells seperated by membranes
• chromosomes decondense
• each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids

Question 14

Prophase II

Answer 14

Chromsomes of 2 chromatids condense and become attached to spindle fibers(from opposite polls)
- chromsome condense

Question 15

Metaphase II

Answer 15

Chromosomes allign on equatorial plane of each cell

Question 16

Anaphase II

Answer 16

Sister chromatids disjoin and move to opposite polls in each cell
- centromeres split

Question 17

Telophase II

Answer 17

Chromosome decondense and new nuclei begin to form

• chromatids now called chromasomes
• daughter nucleus haploid
• separated chromatids gather at polls

Question 18

cytokinesis

Answer 18

haploid daughter cells seperated by cytoplasmic membrane

Question 19

homologous chromosome exchange material by

Answer 19

crossing over