Mutations

Question 1

define: mutation

Answer 1

• Stable, heritable change in nucleotide sequence

Question 2

Morphological mutation

Answer 2

changes in colonial/cellular morphology

Question 3

Lethal mutation

Answer 3

kills the organism

Question 4

expressed under certain conditions (e.g.: high T)

Answer 4

Conditional mutation

Question 5

changes in metabolic capabilities

Answer 5

Biochemical mutation

Question 6

define: site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 6

generation of mutations at specific sites

Question 7

Resistance mutation

Answer 7

resistance to pathogen, chemical, or antibiotics

Question 8

How mutations arise (2)

Answer 8

Spontaneous Mutation & Induced Mutation

Question 9

grow in minimal media without supplements

Answer 9

o Phorotrophs

Question 10

define: o Auxotrophs

Answer 10

cannot synthesize the production of pathways

Question 11

3 types: Base Pair Substitution

Answer 11

silent, missense, nonsense

Question 12

dev’t after exposure to a mutagen

Answer 12

Induced Mutation

Question 13

Mutations during DNA Replication (6)

Answer 13

Tautomeric Shift, Frameshift Mutation, Deletion, Insertion, Translocation, Inversion

Question 14

Standard forms (Tautomeric Shift)

Answer 14

amino- or keto-

Question 15

Nontandard forms (Tautomeric Shift)

Answer 15

-imino (“rare”: A,C) or –enol (T,G)

Question 16

2 types of Reverse Mutation

Answer 16

True RT, Equivalent RT

Question 17

2 types of base pair substitution @ DNA Level

Answer 17

Transition ,Transversion

Question 18

Chemical mimics of the natural bases that are incorporated during DNA Replication

Answer 18

Base Analogs

Question 19

define: Specific mispairings

Answer 19

mutagen changes the base’s structure and pairing characteristics

Question 20

e.g. of chemicals which cause Specific mispairings

Answer 20

alkylating agent (nitrosaguanine)

Question 21

become inserted between stacked bases of DNA helix, distorting DNA; causes single base pair addition and deletion

Answer 21

Intercalating agents

Question 22

e.g. of Intercalating agents

Answer 22

proflavible, acridine orange

Question 23

3 types of mutation based on their agents

Answer 23

chemical, physical, biological

Question 24

2 types to detect mutants

Answer 24

screening, selection

Question 25

Screening or Mutant detection

Answer 25

Observation in change in phenotype

Question 26

Organisms are placed under specific environmental conditions in which desired mutant will grow

Answer 26

Mutant selection

Question 27

2 types of DNA Repair:

Answer 27

Proofreading, Excision Repair

Question 28

2 ways of Removal of lesions

Answer 28

Photoreactivation & Direct repair of alkylated bases

Question 29

3 Post-Replication Repair

Answer 29

Mismatch repair system , DNA Methylation , Recombination repair