Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of frameshift mutations?

A

deletion
addition
duplication
translocation

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2
Q

What is a translocation mutation?

A

bases become separated from DNA sequence on one chromosome and are inserted into the DNA sequence on another chromosome

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3
Q

What are the types of mutation?

A

Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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4
Q

What is an inversion mutation?

A

bases are removed from DNA then rejoin in the same location in reverse order

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5
Q

What are 3 causes of gene mutations?

A

chemical mutagens
ionising radiation
spontaneous errors

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of chemical mutagens?

A
  • alcohol
  • benzene
  • tar in tobacco
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of ionising radiation?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • X-rays
  • UV
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8
Q

How might a mutation be neutral?

A
  • occurs in non-coding introns
  • silent mutation
  • change in tertiary structure does not impact the organism
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9
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in the structure or quantity of DNA

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10
Q

Why does changing a base have a big impact?

A
  • impacts primary structure
  • difference in the bonds formed and their position
  • impacting tertiary structure
  • As these are specific it can cause them to become non-functioning
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11
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence, these happen because DNA is degenerate

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12
Q

Why might a mutation not lead to an inactive protein?

A
  • the change in base sequence might code for the same amino acid as before
  • because DNA is degenerate
  • so tertiary structure is not changed
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13
Q

What are the possible effects of base substitution/base inversion?

A
  • no change as same amino acid is coded for
  • different amino acid coded for, could potentially lead to an inactive protein
  • stop codon forms, stopping the production of a polypeptide without it being complete
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14
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

a change or rearrangement in the order of bases in DNA

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15
Q

What is the impact of a base deletion?

A
  • frame shift left; so triplets from that point onwards are impacted and read differently
  • code for different amino acids
  • so different primary and tertiary structure
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16
Q

What is the impact of a base addition/duplication?

A
  • frame shift left; so triplets from that point onwards are impacted and read differently
  • code for different amino acids
  • so different primary and tertiary structure
17
Q

What are the impacts of base translocation?

A

significant impacts on the phenotype