mutation and gene editing

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

Change in base sequence of a genome

Question 2

substitution

Answer 2

One base is changed for another

Question 3

What are the possible outcomes when an AA changes?

Answer 3

1) Missense mutation is when a base substitution codes for a different AA
2)Nonsense mutation when a stop codone is coded for resulting in a non-functional protein mode

Question 4

What are the possible outcomes when an AA is not coded for?

Answer 4

Same sense is an occasional change in the sequence leading to no alteration in AA because of the degenrate nature

Question 5

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 5

A variation in a single base pair in the DNA sequence

Question 6

What is an example of a base substition mutation?

Answer 6

Sickle cell disease is a single base substitution when it is trascribed from GAG and changes to GUG. This results in the changes in properties of R group, where a new formation of animo acid and protein is made. It is highly resistent to Malaria

Question 7

Frameshift mutation

Answer 7

Deletion and insertion in non-multiples of three

Question 8

What are deletion and insertion in frameshift mutation?

Answer 8

Deletion is where base is removed from the sequence and insertion is where base is added to a sequence

Question 9

What are examples of insertion mutation?

Answer 9

Huntingtons disease where multiple copies of GAG are inserted. It mutates a protein and adverse effect on a brain

Question 10

Examples of deletion mutation

Answer 10

HIV where the chemokines bind to the receptors on the cell, making them susceptible to HIV.

Question 11

What are the pros and cons of mutation?

Answer 11

Pro:evolution, change to adapt to environment where it can help species survive in change
Con: Disease, some are non-curable

Question 12

Cause of mutation

Answer 12

Randomlised replication error, radiation, chemical mutagens.