MUST TO KNOW IN VIROLOGY Flashcards
Ether-resistant
Ether-sensitive
Naked virus
Enveloped virus
Acid-labile
Acid-stable
Rhinovirus
Enterovirus
Infantile diarrhea
Rotavirus
H & N
Myxoviruses
Hemagglutination/Hemadsorption
Influenza
Parainfluenza
Mumps
Reye’s syndrome
Chicken pox
Influenza
Bronchiolitis in children
RSV
Hepatitis
Yellow fever
HBV
CMV
Reservoir of Togavirus
Birds
dsRNA
ssDNA
Reovirus
Parvovirus
Tzanck smear
HSV
VZV
Latent infection
HSV
Measles
German measles
Rubeola virus
Rubella virus
SSPE
PML
Measles virus
JC virus (polyoma)
Spongiform encephalopathy
Prion
RNA (HDV)
Viroid
Human Embryonic Fibroblast cell
CMV
PMKC, MDCK, Hen’s egg
Influenza
5th disease
6th disease
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Parvovirus B19
HHV-6
HHV-8
Marburg and Ebola
SARS
Filoviridae
Coronavirus
Bird’s flu = H5:N1
Influenza virus
Virus
Use cotton swabs
Delay of 3 days
Delay of 4 days
4’C
-70’C, not -20’C
Tissue culture
CPE
Rhinovirus
33’C
Negative stain
Gold, silver stain
PTA
EM
Hold cell culture tube
Roller drum
Father of virology
Dmitri Iwanowsky
Nucleic acid genome
DNA or RNA
Protective protein coat
Capsid
Lipid derived from host cell membrane
Envelope
DNA virus
(+) Sense RNA virus
Icosahedral
(-) Sense RNA virus
Helical
Complex
Poxvirus
Viral morphology
EM (inverted microscope)
LM
Inclusion bodies:
-Negri bodies:
-Councilman bodies:
Rabies
Yellow fever
Viral antigen
Direct IF
(G) Pock formation on CAM (Chrorioallantoic membrane)
Eggs
Passed only once
Ex. 1’ monkey kidney cells (fluvirus)
Primary cell
Passed 50x
Ex. HDF/HEK cells
Semi-continuous
MMalignant
Passed indefinitely
Ex. Hela, Hep-2
Continuous
Transport medium
Dry ice (4’C)
1. Stuart’s: viral transport medium
2. Leibovitz-Emory
3. Earles/Hanks balance salt solution
Viral growth
Cytopathic effect
Hemadsorption (ex. flu virus)
Interference:
Rubella and Enterovirus
Rounding necrosis
Enterovirus
Ballooning/Giant cells
HSV
Grapelike cluster
Adenovirus
Syncytium form
RSV
Measles
Rubella (giant cells)
Hemadsorption
Influenza
Parainfluenza
Measles
Mumps
Refractile, round cell
Rhinovirus (33’C)
Multiplication cycle
= attachment
= entry
= (-) capsid
= replication transcription translation viral CHON
= creation of new virus particle
6. Release
- Adsorption
- Penetration
- Uncoating
- Eclipse (Synthetic)
- Assembly
DNA Viruses “HHAPPPy”
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus
Poxvirus
Papovavirus (Papilloma, Polyoma, Simian Vacuolating Virus)
Parvovirus
Rule: DNA viruses
All are dsDNA except:
All are icosahedral except:
All multiply in the nucleus except:
All are enveloped except:
Parvovirus (ssDNA)
Poxvirus (complex)
Poxvirus (cytoplasm)
PAP (Naked) -Parvovirus -Adenovirus -Papovavirus
Brick-shaped
Poxvirus
Largest DNA virus: 225 x 300 nm
Poxvirus
Poxvirus Inclusions: Guarnieri bodies
Guarnieri bodies
Vesicular skin lesions in host
Poxvirus
= smallpox
= alastrim
= cowpox (vaccine against smallpox)
a. Variola major
b. Variola minor
c. Vaccinia virus
= wartlike tumors
Molluscum contagiosum
Lab. Diagnosis:
-CPE on cell culture
-Pocks on Chorioallantoic membrane
-Viral antigens in vesicle fluid = precipitin tests, IF
-Convalescent serum phase = 4-fold increase in antibody titer
Poxvirus
Poxvirus Tx:
Methisazone
: Cause aplastic crisis (RBC: sickle cell anemia)
Parvovirus Strain B19
-5th disease
-Slapped cheeks
Parvovirus Erythema infectiosum
Hydrops fetalis: miscarriages
Parvovirus
Lab. Diagnosis:
-(+) IgM
-PCR: viral DNA from blood specimen or amniotic fluid
Parvovirus
1’ and latency infection
Herpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Alpha =
Beta =
Gamma =
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7
EBV, HHV-8
1’ infection: Gingivostomatitis
HSV-1
Latent infection
-Herpes labialis
-Fever blister
-Cold sore
-Keratitis
Common cause of viral encephalitis
HSV-1
Latency site: Trigeminal ganglion
HSV-1
Genital herpes
HSV-2
Neonatal herpes
HSV-2
Aseptic meningitis
HSV-2
Cervical cancer (HPV)
HSV-2
Latency site: Sacral ganglion
HSV-2
Lab. Diagnosis (HSV-1 & 2)
1. Tzanck smear:
2. Cell culture:
-CPE:
-Virus ID:
3. PCR
multinucleated giant cells w/ cowdry inclusion
most diagnostic
1-5 days
IFT
1’ infection: Varicella/Chicken pox
VZV
Recurrent/Reactivation: Zoster/Shingles
VZV
Latency site: Dorsal root of ganglia
VZV
Association in Reye’s syndrome
VZV
VZV Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cell w/ cowdry type A inclusion (HSV,
VZV)
2. IFT: method of choice
EBV Infects B cells (CD 21)
(+) Heterophile antibodies
Agent: IM
Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lab. Diagnosis:
-Not cultured
1. Heterophil Ab test: monospot
2. EBV specific Ab test: EBVCA IgM, EBNA
3. Hematology: Downey cells
CMV MOT: Transplacental, oral, sexual, blood, tissue transplant
#1 congenital infection
Mononucleosis-like but (-) Heterophile Ab
“Owl’s eye” inclusion (PAP or Giemsa) = urine/tissue
Culture:
-HDF cell = method of choice
HHV-6 Roseola infantum
6th childhood disease: skin rash
Reactivation in AIDS:
-Encephalitis
-Pneumonitis
-Chorioretinitis
HHV-7 No known disease
HHV-8 Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV)
Polyomavirus BK virus = renal disease
JC virus = PML: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Papillomavirus Tropism for squamous epithelial cells = Warts (fingers, sole, face)
Cervical, squamous cell, vulvar, penile cancer
Condylomata acuminate = anogenital warts
Adenovirus #1 Viral conjunctivitis
Serotypes:
1.) 3, 4, 7, 21 = acute respiratory disease
2.) 8, 19 = epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
3.) 11, 21 = hemorrhagic cystitis
4.) 40, 41 = infantile gastroenteritis
Hepadnavirus Acute and chronic hepatitis B
#1 Blood borne disease
HCC
Co-infection/superinfection w/ HDV
Lab. Diagnosis:
-ELISA
-PCR
-Markers:
a. HBsAg
b. HBeAg
c. anti-HBc
d. anti-HBs
e. anti-HBe
VZV Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Tzanck smear:
2. IFT:
multinucleated giant cell w/ cowdry type A inclusion (HSV, VZV)
method of choice
Infects B cells (CD 21)
EBV
(+) Heterophile antibodies
EBV
Agent: IM
Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
EBV Lab. Diagnosis:
-Not cultured
1. Heterophil Ab test:
2. EBV specific Ab test:
3. Hematology:
monospot
EBVCA IgM, EBNA
Downey cells
MOT: Transplacental, oral, sexual, blood, tissue transplant
CMV
1 congenital infection
CMV
Mononucleosis-like but (-) Heterophile Ab
CMV
“Owl’s eye” inclusion (PAP or Giemsa) = urine/tissue
CMV
Culture:
-HDF cell = method of choice
CMV
Roseola infantum
HHV-6
6th childhood disease: skin rash
HHV-6
Reactivation in AIDS:
-Encephalitis
-Pneumonitis
-Chorioretinitis
HHV-6
No known disease
HHV-7
Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV)
HHV-8
Polyomavirus
= renal disease
= PML: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
BK virus
JC virus
Tropism for squamous epithelial cells = Warts (fingers, sole, face)
Papillomavirus
Cervical, squamous cell, vulvar, penile cancer
Papillomavirus
Condylomata acuminate = anogenital warts
Papillomavirus
1 Viral conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
Adenovirus Serotypes:
= acute respiratory disease
= epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
= hemorrhagic cystitis
= infantile gastroenteritis
1.) 3, 4, 7, 21
2.) 8, 19
3.) 11, 21
4.) 40, 41
Acute and chronic hepatitis B
HCC
Co-infection/superinfection w/ HDV
Hepadnavirus
1 Blood borne disease
Hepadnavirus
Lab. Diagnosis:
-ELISA
-PCR
Hepadnavirus
Hepadnavirus Markers:
a. HBsAg
b. HBeAg
c. anti-HBc
d. anti-HBs
e. anti-HBe
RNA viruses
All are ssRNA except:
All are enveloped except: PCR (naked)
All are nonsegmented except: ROBA (segmented)
Reovirus (dsRNA)
-Picornavirus
-Calicivirus
-Reovirus
-Reovirus
-Orthomyxovirus
-Bunyavirus
-Arenavirus
RNA viruses Generally helical:
-(+) sense virus (icosahedral)
-(-) sense virus (helical)
RNA viruses Positive-Sense virus:
= Call (Calicivirus)
= Pico & (Picornavirus)
= Flo (Flavivirus)
= To (Togavirus)
= Come (Coronavirus)
= Right (Retrovirus)
RNA viruses Negative-Sense virus:
= Pairing (Paramyxovirus)
= Of (Orthomyxovirus)
= Rats at (Rhabdovirus)
= Bunny’s (Bunyavirus)
= Area (Arenavirus)
Picornaviridase
Acid Resistance:
: acid-resistant
: acid-stable
Site to multiply:
: GIT
: Nasal
-Enterovirus
-Rhinovirus
-Enterovirus
-Rhinovirus
Aseptic meningitis
Picornaviridase
ECHOvirus
Poliomyelitis
Poliovirus
MOT: fecal-oral, respiratory droplets
Poliovirus
Anterior horn cells of the spinal cord
Poliovirus
Poliovirus Vaccines:
= killed/inactivated virus (injected)
= live attenuated virus (oral)
- Salk vaccine
- Sabin vaccine
Herpangina
Pleurodynia
Coxsackie A
Coxsackie B
Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus
ECHOvirus
Enterovirus 72
HAV
Acid-labile (33’C)
Rhinovirus
Common cause of common colds
Rhinovirus
Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
Orthomyxoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae Antigenic changes:
: genetic reassortment (pandemic)
: point mutation (epidemic)
a. Shift
b. Drift
Flu virus
Influenza virus
Influenza virus:
Type A:
= Spanish flu/Swine flue
= Asian flu
= Hongkong flu
= Avian flu
Type B:
Type C:
Pandemic (Ag shift and drift)
-AH1:N1
-AH2:N2
-AH3:N2
-AH5:N1
Epidemic (Ag drift)
Stable
Influenza virus Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Ag detection =
-Throat washing
-Nasopharyngeal aspirate
2. Virus isolation
-Throat swab
-Nasopharyngeal aspirate
-Medium:
3. Serology:
-HAI
-IFT
-EIA
-CFT
IFT, ELISA
PMKC, MDCK, Embryonated egg (hemadsorption)
Ab assay
Influenza virus Tx:
Influenza virus Prevention:
Amantidine, Rimantidine
Vaccine
Hemagglutinin (H), Neuraminidase (N) and Fusion (F) antigen
Paramyxoviridae
Parainfluenza virus
Croup:
Specimen:
Culture:
ID:
Tx:
No vaccine
Laryngotracheobronchitis
NPA/W
PMK, LLC-MK2
Hemadsorption, IF, EIA
Aerosolized ribavirin
Parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
Mumps virus
(+) in saliva and urine = IFA, EIA, HAI
Mumps virus
Culture: PMK, HEK, Embryonated egg
Mumps virus
Koplik spots
Measles (Rubeola) virus/Morbillivirus
2nd infection: SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
Measles (Rubeola) virus/Morbillivirus
Measles (Rubeola) virus/Morbillivirus
Specimen:
Culture:
Serology:
NPS, urine
PMK (multinucleated cells)
(+) IgM Ab’s
1 Bronchiolitis in children
RSV
RSV
Specimen:
Culture:
Tx:
NPS → DFA, EIA
PMK (syncytia), HDFC
Ribavirin
Henipavirus
: Encephalitis = Pig → Man
: Respiratory disease in horses
Nipah virus
Hendra virus
Togaviridae
Arbovirus
Alphavirus
Rubivirus
Arthropod borne (mosquito)
Arbovirus
Arbovirus Includes:
-Flavivirus
-Bunyavirus
Flavivirus:
a. Dengue fever virus
b. St. Louis encephalitis virus
c. Yellow fever virus
d. Japanese B encephalitis virus
e. West Nile encephalitis virus
-Aedes aegypti
-Acute hemorrhagic fever
-“Saddleback fever”, “Breakbone fever”
= Culex
= Councilman bodies
a. Dengue fever virus
b. St. Louis encephalitis virus
c. Yellow fever virus
California encephalitis virus
Bunyavirus
Rift Valley fever
Bunyavirus
Hantavirus: Hantaan (Korean) virus
Bunyavirus
Hemorrhagic fever w/ renal involvement
Bunyavirus
Encephalitis:
-Western equine encephalitis (WEE)
-Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
-Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
Alphaviruses
German measles: 3-day rash
Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
“Blueberry muffin” baby
Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
Teratogenic virus (fetal defect)
Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
Lab. Diagnosis:
-IF
-EIA
-HA test: sensitive
Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
Rhabdoviridae:
1. Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
-
-
Lab. Diagnosis:
2. Vesicular stomatitis
-
-Bullet-shaped
-Cause encephalitis
Negri bodies (dog brain) = Seller’s stain
-Cattle, horse, pig
Filamentous
Filoviridae
Filoviridae :
- Marburg-Ebola virus
- Hemorrhagic fever
Reoviridae :
= Wagon wheel like (EM)
= Colorado tick fever
- Rotavirus = Wagon wheel like (EM)
- Orbivirus = Colorado tick fever
Club-shaped
SARS agent; common colds
Gastroenteritis
Coronavirus
Lab. Diagnosis: EM, IF, EIA
Coronavirus
Norwalk-like virus
Calicivirus
Astrovirus
Calicivirus
Astrovirus
#1 gastroenteritis (adults)
Diarrhea
Calicivirus
Astrovirus
Lab. Diagnosis: EM
Retrovirus Reverse transcriptase: RNA DNA
1. Lentivirus
-HIV: AIDS
2. Oncornavirus
-HTLV-I: Human T cell Leukemia
-HTLV-II: Hairy Cell Leukemia
Lab. Diagnosis:
a. Serology:
-ELISA (screen)
-WB (confirm)
1 gastroenteritis (adults)
Diarrhea
Calicivirus
Astrovirus
Lab. Diagnosis: EM
Calicivirus
Astrovirus
Reverse transcriptase: RNA → DNA
Retrovirus
Retrovirus
1. Lentivirus
-HIV:
2. Oncornavirus
-HTLV-I:
-HTLV-II:
AIDS
Human T cell Leukemia
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Lab. Diagnosis:
a. Serology:
-ELISA (screen)
-WB (confirm)
-PCR: HIV-DNA
Retrovirus
Arena-Sandy hemorrhagic fever
Arenaviridae
Arenaviridae:
= Argentina
= Bolivia
= Zoonotic (rats)
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus
- Junin virus
- Machupo virus
- Lassa fever virus
Picornavirus (Enterovirus 72)
HAV
Infectious hepatitis
HAV
Hepadnavirus
HBV
Serum hepatitis
HBV
Flavivirus
HCV
Non-A, Non-B/post-transfusion hepatitis
HCV
Viroid-like
HDV
Require HBV infection
HDV
Calicivirus
HEV
Water-borne
HEV
Flavivirus
HGV
Blood-borne hepatitis
HGV
Prion-caused diseases (Slow disease)
- Scrapie = sheep/goat
- Kuru
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) = man
- Gerstmann-Straussler Scheinker syndrome (GSS)
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy = mad cow disease
