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Clinical Microscopy > MUST KNOW URINALYSIS > Flashcards

MUST KNOW URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

pigment that gives yellow color to the urine

A

urochrome

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2
Q

pink pigment in refrigerated specimens

A

uroerythrin

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3
Q

oxidation product of urobilinogen

A

urobilin

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4
Q

urine color significance:

colorless

A

recent fluid consumption

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5
Q

urine color significance:

pale yellow

A

diluted urine, DI/DM

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6
Q

urine color significance:

dark yellow

A

concentrated, dehydration, bilirubin

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7
Q

urine color significance:

orange yellow

A

phenazopyridine

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8
Q

urine color significance:

yellow green

A

biliverdin

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9
Q

urine color significance:

green

A

Pseudomonas infection

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10
Q

urine color significance:

blue-green

A

indican

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11
Q

urine color significance:

pink

A

RBCs (cloudy)

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12
Q

urine color significance:

red

A

hemoglobin, myoglobin (clear)

beets, rifampin

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13
Q

urine color significance:

port wine

A

porphyrin

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14
Q

urine color significance:

red brown

A

methemoglobin, myoglobin

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15
Q

urine color significance:

brown

A

homogentisic acid

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16
Q

urine color significance:

black

A

melanin/melanogen

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17
Q

urine odor significance:

aromatic

A

normal urine

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18
Q

urine odor significance:

ammoniacal

A

UTI

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19
Q

urine odor significance:

fruity, sweet

A

ketonuria, dehydration, DM

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20
Q

urine odor significance:

maple syrup

A

maple syrup urine disease

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21
Q

urine odor significance:

mousy

A

phenylketonuria

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22
Q

urine odor significance:

rancid

A

tyrosinemia

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23
Q

urine odor significance:

sweaty feet

A

isovaleric anemia

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24
Q

urine odor significance:

cabbage

A

methionine malabsorption

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25
Q

urine strip 30 secs:

A

bilirubin, glucose

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26
Q

urine strip 40 secs:

A

ketones

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27
Q

urine strip 45 secs:

A

specific gravity

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28
Q

urine strip 60 secs:

A 
pH
blood
protein
nitrite
urobilinogen
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29
Q

urine strip 120 secs:

A

leukocyte esterase

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30
Q

bilirubin principle

A

diazo reaction

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31
Q

other bilirubin test

A

icto test (purple)

32
Q

bilirubin significance

A

hepatitis, jaundice

33
Q

glucose principle

A

double sequential enzyme reaction

glucose oxidase + peroxidase

34
Q

other glucose test

A

benedict’s test (blue, green, orange, red)

35
Q

glucose significance

A

DM, GD

36
Q

ketone principle

A

sodium nitroprusside

37
Q

other ketone test

A

acetest (purple)

38
Q

ketone principle

A

DKA, dehydration

39
Q

specific gravity principle

A

change in pKa of polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

40
Q

other specific gravity test

A

urinometer, refractometer

41
Q

pH principle

A 
double indicator 
(methyl red and bromothymol blue)
42
Q

protein principle

A

protein error of indicator

43
Q

other protein test

A

sulfosalicylic acid test

44
Q

protein significance

A

prerenal, renal, postrenal proteinuria

45
Q

blood principle

A

pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

46
Q

test to differentiate blood and myoglobin

A

blondheim’s test
(ammonium sulfate)
hgb - ppt
mgb - supernatant

47
Q

blood significance

A

intravascular hemolysis, glomerular damage, bleeding, stones

48
Q

nitrite principle

A

Greiss reaction (diazo)

49
Q

nitrite significance

A

UTI

50
Q

urobilinogen principle

A

ehrlich’s reaction

51
Q

test to differentiate urobilinogen and other ehrlich-reactive substance

A

watson-schwartz test

urobilinogen: soluble on chloroform and butanol

52
Q

urobilinogen significance

A

liver disease, hemolytic disorders

53
Q

leukocyte esterase principle

A

action of leukocyte esterase

54
Q

substances that are positive on leukocyte esterase (3)

A

granulocytes
trichomonas
histiocytes

55
Q

leukocyte esterase significance

A

UTI

56
Q

RBC shape:

hypersthenuric urine

A

crenated

57
Q

RBC shape:

hyposthenuric urine

A

ghost cells

58
Q

RBC shape:

glomerular bleeding

A

dysmorphic

59
Q

RBC normal value in urine

A

0-2/hpf

60
Q

WBC normal value

A

0-5/hpf

61
Q

pyuria value

A

> 8/hpf

62
Q

most significant epithelial cell in the urine

A

renal tubular epithelial cell

63
Q

RTE cell type seen in nephrotic syndrome

A

oval fat bodies

64
Q

parasite in urine

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

Schistosoma haematobium

65
Q

where are casts formed?

A

between DCT and CD

66
Q

casts are made up of what type of protein?

A

tamm-horsfall protein/uromodulin

67
Q

what cells produce uromodulin?

A

RTE cells

68
Q

beginning of all casts

A

hyaline cast

69
Q

pyelonephritis vs cystitis vs inflammation

A

pyelonephritis:
w/ WBC cast
w/ WBC and Bx

cystitis:
w/o WBC cast
w/ WBC and Bx

inflammation
w/ WBC cast
w/ WBC
w/o Bx

70
Q

aka ‘renal failure cast’

A

broad cast

71
Q

3 factors that affect crystal formation in urine

A

pH
temperature
solute concentration

72
Q

acidic urine crystals (5)

A
  • amorphous urates
  • uric acid
  • sodium urates
  • calcium oxalate dihydrate
  • calcium oxalate monohydrate
73
Q

alkaline urine crystals (5)

A
  • ammonium phosphates
  • triple phosphate
  • calcium phosphate
  • calcium carbonate
  • ammonium biurate
74
Q

abnormal urine crystals (6)

A 
cystine
cholesterol
radiographic dyes
tyrosine
leucine
bilirubin
75
Q

liver disease crystals (3)

A

tyrosine
bilirubin
leucine

76
Q

abnormal crystals due to medication (2)

A
  • sulfonamide

- ampicillin

Clinical Microscopy (21 decks)

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