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a&P & patho finals > muskuloskeletal > Flashcards

muskuloskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

sliding filament theory steps

A

1)an AP crosses the NMJ
2) Ca2+ channels open ( released from the SR
3) Ca2+ unlocks tropomyosin exposing ht emyosin head binding sites
4) ATP binds to the myosin heads –> ADP +P “ COCK & BIND)
-power stroke occurs
*requires more ATP to do again

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac: involuntary, has intercalated discs and 2 nuclei, striations
Smooth: involuntary, no striations (organs)
skeletal: multinucleate, striations, alpha motor neurons

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3
Q

Epimysium?

A

surrounds the entire skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Perimysium?

A

surrounds muscle fassicle

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5
Q

endomysium?

A

surrounds muscle fiber

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6
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

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7
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

end plate

A

where the alpha motor neuron connects w the muscle fiber

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9
Q

SR?

A

the ER of the muscle ccell, a lot of Ca2+, and VG Ca2+, & transports for Ca2+

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10
Q

T-tubules

A

extension of the sarcolemma

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11
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of the muscle cell made up of myofilaments ( striated appearance)

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12
Q

what do I -bands poses at rest only?

A

actin

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13
Q

what do A-bands poses at rest?

A

myosin & actin

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14
Q

z-discs?

A

end of the sarcmere ( attment points for the atin filaments.

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15
Q

H-zone only has __ at rest?

A

myosin

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16
Q

myofilaments?

A

actin: thin filament, F-fibrous(2 chains) G-globular= winds together= helix
myosin: thick filament heads bind to actin, heads appear every 60 degrees need Ca2+ to bind

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17
Q

myofilament associate proteins

A

tropomyosin: winds around f-actin and blocks troponin (bind sites)
troponin: has 3 binds sites

-C-Ca2+
A-Actin
T-tropomyosin

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18
Q

what are some skeletal muscle properties?

A

excitable, elastic, extensible, contractable

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19
Q

functions:

A

movement, joint stability, organ system, protection, thermoregulation

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20
Q

NMJ

A

chemical synapes between alpha motor neuron and the motor end plate of the muscular fiber

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21
Q

small motor unit

A

alpha motor neuron innervates onle a few fibers
- more fine control, small representation in the primary otor cortex

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22
Q

motor end plate has lots of____ channels

A

ioniotropic nicotinic ACH receptors ( LG Na+)

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23
Q

what is the RMP?

A

-90mv

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24
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

ap—> neuron terminal—> Ca2+ channels open—-> ACH binds ot NaChR on motor end-plate, Na+ enters muscle cell=graded potential–> muslce Ap—> K+ in to repo

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25
Q

return after excitation:

A

Ap–> alog the sarcolemma–> t-tubules—> vg Ca2+ on SR open moves ca@= back–> needs ATP to occur

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26
Q

sources of ATP

A
  • creatine phosphate= #1
    when muscles at rest the excess ADP + P transfers the p to creatine
    when muscle =active kinase removes hte p from creatine phosphate—> ATP
  • anerobic metabolism: breakdown of c6h12o6 #2
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27
Q

connective tissue components:

A
  • epi/peri/endomysium
    -tendons: muscle bone to bone, fibrous/rigid
    -tendon sheaths: doubed walled tubes of ct (ankle)
    ligaments: bone to bone, fibrous/rigid
    fascia: the ct surrounding an organ under the subq
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28
Q

parallel muscle shape:

A

sartouris

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29
Q

Convergent:

A

pectoralis major

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30
Q

pennate

A

rectus femoris

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31
Q

fusiform

A

Brachioralidis

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32
Q

spiral

A

latissimus dorsi

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33
Q

circular

A

orbicularis oris

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34
Q

origin

A

the POI for a muscle

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35
Q

insertion

A

point of attachment that moves along the line of the force

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36
Q

prime mover

A

muscle that directly performs a specific movement

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37
Q

antagonist

A

when many muscles directly oppose the prime mover ( relaxed when the prime mover contracts)

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38
Q

synergist

A

contracts at the same time as prime mover

39
Q

fixator muscle:

A

jooint stabalizer

40
Q

all levers have…. (4)

A

lever, pivot, load, force

41
Q

1st class lever example:

A

head on atlas

42
Q

2nd class lever ex:

A

wheel barrow

43
Q

3rd class lever:

A

lat raises

44
Q

irregular bones

A

irregular porjections & vary in size ( spine)

45
Q

long bones

A

long hallow shaft w/ 2 bulbous ends ex: humerous

46
Q

short bones

A

square like shape and found in the hand

47
Q

flat bones

A

reltively thin and curved , skull bones

48
Q

boney matrix

A

made of haversion system or osteons = microscopic structures

49
Q

complete fracutre

A

bone divides into 2

50
Q

transverse fraction

A

split across the bone

51
Q

spiral fracture

A

eide diagonal aorund the bone

52
Q

communicated fracutre

A

multiple breaks in 1 bone

53
Q

green stick fratures ar emost common in ____

A

kids

54
Q

colles fracture is a fracture of the ____

A

distal radius

55
Q

fracture healing process

A

1) blood pools, hematoma forms, inflammation(week 1)
2) soft cartillage forms (week 2-3)
3) calus forms stablizing the bone(week 4-26)
4) osteoblasts/clasts continue remodeling (week 17)

56
Q

compartment syndrome:

A

damage to muscle tissue causing major bleeding trapped within the fascia, too tight and can not expand, increased swelling compresses BV/nerves—> ischemia

57
Q

what are the 5 p’s of compartment syndrome

A

pain, pallor, parenthesia, paralysis, pulselessness

58
Q

compartment syndrome is most common in___

A

crush injuries; releases myoglobin (toxic to kidneys)—> AKF/Hear arrhythmias

59
Q

dislocation

A

separation of articulation between two bones

60
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation, bone moved from og position though not fully detached

61
Q

osteoporosis

A

reduction of bone density, bones become more porous, most common in older women going through menopause, hormonal imbalances, lack of Ca2+, PTH decrease, high likely hood to break bones

62
Q

rickets

A

deficiency of Ca2+/vit D in kids—> misshappen bones

63
Q

osteoalacia

A

rickets in adults

64
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of bone tissue caused by bacterial–> inflammation, necrosis, fracutres

65
Q

osteosarcoma

A

bone cancer–> easily breads to other tissues, begins in the metaphysis, more common in long bones

66
Q

lordosis

A

major low curvature of lower spine

67
Q

kyphosis

A

upper curvature of cspine

68
Q

scoliosis

A

medial lateral curve of spine

69
Q

osteoarthritis:

A

lack of articular cartillage on connecting bones making connttact w eachother, joint space will increase over time–>crepitus
- most common in knees, obesity,elderlym acute trauma, hereditery, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetics, surgery,

70
Q

osteoarthristis is degernative w no systemic inflmmatory signs (t/f)

A

true

71
Q

early osteo arthritis s/s

A

mild pain with weight bearing, joint stiffness after inactivty/ waking up, onset can be unilateral—> bilateral

72
Q

mid s/s of osteoarthritis

A

moderate pain w weight bearing, reduced movement & loss ofmuscle tone, osteophytes & bone spurs

73
Q

late osteoarthritis s/s

A

creptius, joint disfiguration, comple loos of space between oins, bone-bone contact

74
Q

rehumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder most common in females, type 3 hypersensitivity, antibodies made for blood borne markers causes osteoclats to erode bones
Insidious onset, bilateral discomfort, stiffness, inflammation in small joints, ulnar drift etc.

75
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

autoimmune common in males, effects the intervertebral discs starting at sacrum–> fuse vertebrae–> osteoporosis/kyphosis
low back pain, sciatica pain, inflammation, can affect the eys, GI complications, etc
Tx: pain relief, moderate exercise, anti-inflames

76
Q

Duchenes muscular dystrophy:

A

x-linked recessive disorder affects men, altered dystrophin protein on gene, weak muscles by age 3 in pelvis legs,

77
Q

what does dystrophin dysfunction do?

A

affects the power stroke of actin and myosin, causes poor tendon reflexes, fat deposits in muscles, cardiomyopahty, khyphois/scoliosis

78
Q

kids who toe walk at age 3 with poor reflexes, and unstable pelvis most likely have

A

duchenes muscular dystrophy

79
Q

fibromyagia

A

occurs in women more, ages 20-50, no obvious inflammation, no common patho, Soft tissue pain, tendons but no bones/joints, 18 trigger points to promote episodes, headaches, sleep disorders, N/V

80
Q

compact bone:

A

outer layer surroundign bone and majes u the hard matrix

81
Q

osteoblasts_____ & osteoclasts______? (functions)

A

Build boney matrix & breakdown boney matrix

82
Q

cancellous bone

A

iside of bone, matrix= made up of trabecular scafolding, Yellow & red bone marrow

83
Q

periosteum

A

tissues that surrounds compact bone & has nerves and bV

84
Q

endosteum

A

lines the inside of the compact bone in diaphysis of long bone

85
Q

medullary cavity

A

inside of diaphysis

86
Q

bone growth

A

occurs along the ephyseal plate, cells start as chondrocytes in cartillingous matrix, cartillingous tissue ossfies, bone remodelling & balance of osteoblasts/clatss.

87
Q

Ca2+ homeostasis

A

low–> osteoclast—> reabsorb more boney matrix under influence of PTH and Vit d
high–> osteoclast stopped by calcitonin—> osteoblasts ++ matrix production

88
Q

function of bones

A

support/protection, movement, hemopoiesis, storage for minerals & salts

89
Q

cells of bones

A

osteoprogenitior cells: stem cells —> mature into osteoblasts
ossteoblasts & osteocyctes

90
Q

blood is a dense connective tissue (t/f)

A

true

91
Q

spongy bone makes up 80% of bone (t/f)

A

false, Compact bone, spongy=20%

92
Q

hyaline cartillage can be found….

A

in the ribs, growth plate, ends of some bones

93
Q

fibro cartillage can be found….

A

in the intervertebral discs

94
Q

how many vertebrae are there?

A

26 (2 fused)

a&P & patho finals (7 decks)

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