fluids/electrolytes Flashcards
intracellular fluids
25-28L
extracellular fluids…
interstitial-11-12L
plasma-3L
Transcellular fluid=<1L
fluid homeostasis mechanisms for the kidney?
RAAS:
1. renin released from the juxtagomerular cells
2) liver secretes ang1 in response–> ANG2 by ACE-
3) ANG2 —> peripheral vaso D/ inhibition od iuretic hormones, promotes athersclerosis/vascular spasms+ cardiac iontropy,
4) sitms the release of aldosetron: ++ the Na/K+ channel expression on nephron cells to reabsorb more Na+-++K+ secreted
isotonic
balance between solute in cell and solvent extracellular
Hypotontic solution
extracellular space is to dilute (too much water) so Na+ moves more water into intracellular space: cell swells
hypertonic solution
+ net movement of water out of the body & into the solution. cell shrivels & dies
normal Blood ph
7.35-7.45
norm urine ph
5.5-6.5
norm K+
3.5-5.1
H2CO3 is a strong acid true/false
false- weak acid (bicarb)
norm Na+
135-142
norm Ca2+
4.3-5.3 Eq/L
regulated through GI reabdorption/kidneys/bone & minerals ( calcitonin PTH)
causes for hypocalcemia:
-<2mmol/L, caused by decreased PTH, increased phosphate retention, alkalosis, decrease albumin ( protein)
hypocalcemia manifestations:
increased neuron excitability (spasm/parenthesia,hyperreflexia), Trousseau’s signs, chrostek’s signs, neg iontropic effect, decreased BP
hypercalcemia causes
> 2.6mmol/L
- caused by PTH, thiazide diuretics, prolonged immbolization, acidosis
hypercalcemia manifestations…
decreased neuron excitability (weakness), positive iontropic effect, dysrhythmias, loss of bone density, kidney stones, -AD—> hypovolemeia, renal failure
how do we get Ca2+ into the body…….
- PTH (stim=low Ca2+),
- Vit D: calcitol ++ ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys by raising ECF Ca2+
- Calcitionin: decreases ECF Ca2+ to make bone matrix & inhibits Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys
hyponatremia & causes:
deficiency of Na+<135mmol/L, caused by excessive sweating/V/D, aldosterone deficit, too much H2o intake, renal failure, K+ sparing diuretics
manifestations of hyponatremia….
poor nerve conduction, muscle cramps, fluid shifts from ICF–> ECF (adh secreted), headaches
hypernatremia
> 145mmol/L, excessive Na+ caused by water loss, insufficent fluid intake, kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, diabetes insipidus & dementia
K+ is the main intracellular cation (t/F)
True
normla blood K+ concentration is
3.5-5.0
K+ is regulated by ….
ALDO, increases Na/K+ pump expression and ++ excretion of K+
hypokalemeia
<3.8mEq/L, caused by decreased dietary intake, increased ALDO, thiazide loop diuretics
manifestations for hypokalemia
muscle weakness starting in legs, parenthesia, decreased GI motility, increasing PH, hyoventilation, polyuria (low st segment)
hyperkalmeia
> 5.0mEq/L, due to severe burns, renal failure, decreased ALDO, K+ sparing diuretics, decreasing PH
hyperkalemia manifestations…
muscular weakness, fatigue, N?, decreased urine output, decreasing PH, +vent, flatten pwaves, bradycardia
kidney filters about ___ everyday
180L
99% of fluids get excreted ( T/F)
False, 1%=excreted,—> 99% reabsorbed
0.5ml/kg/hr is called
anuria
the glomular basement layer does not allow plasma proteins across b/c….
it is negatively charged
podocytes can be found
below the basilar membrane
podocytes functions is to
have holes to not allow certain particles to pass through
