gi tract

Question 1

4 major functions…

Answer 1

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

Question 2

length of the digestive tract:

Answer 2

8-10 m

Question 3

most of the absorption occurss in the_____ ______

Answer 3

small intestine

Question 4

absorption in sm intestines depends on

Answer 4

transport proteins, secondary MonoSS, AA, Purines/pyrimides, surface area, bile emulsifiers, chylomicrons support of lipids

Question 5

motility

Answer 5

muscle movements that support digestive activities

Question 6

peristalisis

Answer 6

wave motions in the sm intestine that allow food movment to the next segement

Question 7

migrating myoelectric complex:

Answer 7

current that depolarizes smooth muscle cells

Question 8

segementations:

Answer 8

process that occurs in the small in testine that breaks down food bolus into much smaller particles

Question 9

endocrine hormones

Answer 9

gastrin, gherlin, cholecystokinin

Question 10

exocrine:

Answer 10

enzmyes, bile, gastric juices, pancreatic juces (bicarb, bile salts from gallbladder

Question 11

cephalic phase

Answer 11

smells food sitms the stomach to produce gastric juices

Question 12

gastric phase

Answer 12

Proteins: AA in stomach stims the receptors to further promote local secretion of gastrin, gastric juces/motility enteric nervous system

Question 13

interstitial phase

Answer 13

as chyme reaches sm intestine chem receptors stim SI to release hormones that decrease stomach stomach motility+

Question 14

protiens involved in digestion

Answer 14

trypsin, chymotrypsin, brush border peptidases

Question 15

carbs involved in digestion

Answer 15

poly ss, bursh border ss

Question 16

nucleic acids involved in digestion

Answer 16

nucleases, bursh boarder

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

bile/salts/lecithin, brush border

Question 18

how can lipids be broken down?

Answer 18

simple diffusion, exocrine enterokinase will convert typsinogen into tyrpsin ( active form), endocrine: cholecystokinin ( decreases gastric juces & promotes breakdown), secretin: occurs when Hcl & lipids enter the duodenum–> decreases gastric juices

Question 19

potential pacemaker of bowels…..

Answer 19

segmentation

Question 20

accessory organs

Answer 20

liver (bile salts), pancreas(exocine: pancreatic jucies secreted through the pancreatic duct–> common bile duct–> secretes in the duodenum via sphincter of Oddi, endocrine: primary secretion are insulin & glucagon

Question 21

pancreatic secretions:

Answer 21

HCO3—+ph in duodenum (secretion stimmed by secretin)
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsin
Amylase
Lipase
nuclease(secretion stim by cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 22

Hiatal hernia

Answer 22

When part of the stomach passes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity
Pregnancy, hort esophagus, weak diaphragm
Patho:
Sliding→ esophagus & stomach move together
Paraesophageal ( rolling)- fundus moves through the diaphragm( can become tangled)–> ischemic
Clinical manifestations:
Heartburn, reflux of stomach contents into esophagus, worse when supine, bending over, coughing→ dysphagia
Tx: surgical repair; eat many small meals- do not lie down after eating

Question 23

GERD- gastroesophageal reflux disease

Answer 23

tomach contents irritate lining of esophagus causing I/N/F→ scarring→stenosis
Clinical manifestations: heartburn 30-60 mins after eating

Question 24

pepic ulcers is mainly cuased by…manifestations….

Answer 24

H pylori infection, characterized by Pain 2-3 hours after meal/ when lying down and relieved by eating food, heartburn, N/V, weight changes, risk of iron deficiency, occult blood in stool

Question 25

gastritis

Answer 25

inflammation of stomach acute ( spicy food),chronic (alcohol abuse), gastoenteritis ( infection of the stomach)- staph

Question 26

gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Answer 26

too much cholsterol/billirubin common in females, + cholesterol diets, multipar---> inflammation, jaundice, pancreatitis, colicky RUQ pain (reffered)

Question 27

what causes jaundice?

Answer 27

too much conjugated/unconjugated billirubin ( unconjugated= difficult to clear/conjugated--> cuaes puritis)

Question 28

hepatitis

Answer 28

can be viral/toxic--> can cause necrosis and scarring of the liver, pre-icteric:jaundice/fatigue, Nausea, headache, RUQ pain, eleated liver enxymes Icteric: Intrahepatic jaundice→ CM of jaundice Bilirubin may be conjugated→ dark urine, pruritus, enlarged & tender liver, trouble making bile→ light coloured stool post-icteric: recovery ( 16 weeks)

Question 29

cirrohsis

Answer 29

diffus fibrosis of liver/los of organization 1) fatt liver ( alchoholism) 2) alcohol hepatitis: chronic inflammation--> necrosis of hepatocytes 3)end stage--> failure

Question 30

loss of hepatocyte function causes ....

Answer 30

- Impaired metabolism of macromolecules, drugs Impaired digestion/absorption of lipids Prolonged clotting times Decreased conjugation of bilirubin

Question 31

loss of bile causes...

Answer 31

- impaired digestion/absorption of lipids, post-hepatic jaundice if the bile ducts= compressed by scarring Portal HTN: splenomegaly, esophageal varices, ++ pressure in the mesenteric GI vessels, ascites

Question 32

acute pancreatitis

Answer 32

ob of the duct (alc abuse)

Question 33

chronic pancreatitis

Answer 33

chronic inflammtion---. necrosis/fibrosis/alt hormone secretion

Question 34

cIBD/CHronhs disease

Answer 34

inflammation & excessive release of cytokines---> lesions of the mucosa in the SI

Question 35

ulcerative colitis

Answer 35

Inflammation of excessive release of cytokines stress, inflammation in rectum, moves proximally, deeper lesion---> submucosa

Question 36

appendicitis

Answer 36

bacteria reproduce causing inflammation, swelling & compression of BV→ ischemia→ necrosis of walls-peritonitis Manifestations: periumbilical pain, severe LRQ pain n/v, bursts can go away and be more diffuse, hypotension/tachycardia, systemic signs of inflammation

Question 37

Peritonitis:

Answer 37

chemical causes ex: pancreatitis bacterial: burst appendix Patho: Bowel inflammation__> ++ permeability allowing bacteria to leave the GI tract and infect the peritoneum Exudate secreted by the peritoneum to seal fluids, bacteria→ formation of abscess Abdominal distention→ contraction of abdominal muscles Fluid in the peritoneal space

Question 38

peritonitis manifestations

Answer 38

Sudden-diffuse pain that's exacerbated when moving N/V from p, irritation of intestines Trouble breathing Hypovolemia ( shocky)- pallor, dry, tachycardia hypotension Abdo distention/rigidity No bowel sounds→ secondary functional ob→ paralytic ileus

Question 39

intestinal ob

Answer 39

Mechanical or functional Patho: mechanical Stretch of smooth muscle before ob→ cells of S.M contract increasing p in veins→ edema Excess of fluids leads to emesis—> imbalances Loss of motility, -bowel sounds Inflammation due to bacterial overgrowth—> peritonitis→sepsis Patho:functional Same as mechanical though no reflex of the S.M

Question 40

intestinal ob manifestations:

Answer 40

SI Severe colicky pain during s.m contraction w sounds, paralytic ileus ( no sounds), V of materials before the ob & may include bile ( poop), anxiety, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypovolemia/dehydration—> shock LG slowly/milder CM, mild pain, C/A, when abdo→distended=more p