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Music Section One Flashcards

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0
Q

What is it called when composition and performance happen simultaneously?

A

Improvisation

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1
Q

What is the broadest definition of music?

A

Sound organized in time

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2
Q

What is required to create music?

A

A time frame, sound waves and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret those sounds

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3
Q

What does the amplitude affect?

A

The decibel level or how loud or soft the tone is

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4
Q

What is the pitch?

A

The higher or lowness of the sound

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5
Q

What can a normal human ear hear?

A

20 to 20,000 cycles per second

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6
Q

What does orchestral musicians in the United States usually tune their instruments to?

A

440 hz

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7
Q

What are two kinds of music sounds?

A

Pitched and non pitched

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8
Q

What instruments provide most of the no-pitched sounds in music?

A

Percussion instruments

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9
Q

What two musicians organized instruments into four groups?

A

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel

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10
Q

What are the four instrumental groups?

A

Chordophones, Aerophones, Membranophones, idiophones and later electrophones

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11
Q

What instruments make up chordophones?

A

Violins, harps and guitars which have one or more strings; plucked, bowed, or struck

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12
Q

What instruments are in Aerophones?

A

brass and wind instruments such as horns and flutes that feature a vibrating column of air

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13
Q

What is a Membranophone?

A

Any instrument that has a skin or other membrane stretched across some kind of frame and the skins vibrates when struck

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14
Q

What are examples of Idiophones?

A

When the body of the instrument itself vibrates when struck such as bells, woodblocks and xylophones

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15
Q

What instrumental category was added after the discovery of electricity?

A

Electrophones

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16
Q

How did were Western musical instruments grouped before Sachs and Hornbostel?

A

Into families

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17
Q

What are the five families of instruments?

A

Strings, Brass instruments, Woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, keyboard instruments

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18
Q

What are string instruments?

A

Instruments that are bowed or plucked

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19
Q

What are Brass instruments?

A

Aerophones in which the column of air is moved by breath alone

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20
Q

What are Percussion instruments

A

Membranophones as well a s idiophones plus some chordophones that are struck rather than bowed or plucked such as the piano

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21
Q

What are keyboard instruments?

A

A fifth category of instruments with keys

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22
Q

What is among the best known early electronic instruments?

A

Theramin

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23
Q

How do you play a Theramin?

A

The performer regulates frequency with one hand and amplitude wit the other by disturbing the electrical fields that surround the protruding bars

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24
Q

After the development of electronic instrument what was the next important step in their development?

A

The end of the 2nd World War

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25
Q

What is musique concrete?

A

When electronically generated sounds and sounds produced by live instruments were recorded on tape before being manipulated into collages to be performed

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26
Q

What cities were famous postwar centers for electronic music?

A

Paris, Rome, Cologne and New York City

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27
Q

A single isolated musical sound has how many properties?

A

Four, pitch, duration, volume and timbre

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28
Q

Pitch

A

The highness or lowness of a sound

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29
Q

What is the musical term for the distance between A and the next higher or lower A?

A

An octave

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30
Q

How are pitches arraigned on a piano?

A

High pitches are to the right, low pitches to the left

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31
Q

What is another term for half-step?

A

Semi tone

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32
Q

What is a whole step?

A

The distance between every other key

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33
Q

What is the lowest A note called?

A

The Fundamental

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34
Q

What is the Fundamental colored by?

A

The faint prescense of the higher pitches called partials or overtones

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35
Q

How many equal parts is an octave divided into?

A

Twelve

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36
Q

What are the twelve different pitches in ascending order called?

A

The Chromatic Scale

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37
Q

What do you call two notes that are identical in pitch?

A

Enharmonic pitches

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38
Q

How many phrases is most of Western music based on?

A

7 pitches

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39
Q

What is the most common scale?

A

The C major scale

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40
Q

What are the four patterns that the seven most commonly used pitches in music fall into?

A

major and three variations of minor

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41
Q

What is the 7th scale degree known as?

A

The leading tone

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42
Q

What is the resting tone in music often known as?

A

Tonic Pitch

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43
Q

What is the 5th scale degree called?

A

The dominant pitch

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44
Q

How many half steps does a whole step have?

A

Two

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45
Q

How many half steps does a minor third step have?

A

3 half steps

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46
Q

How many half steps does a major third have?

A

4 half steps

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47
Q

How many half steps does a perfect fourth have?

A

5 half steps

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48
Q

How many half steps does an augmented fourth have?

A

6 half steps

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49
Q

how many half steps does a perfect 5th have?

A

7 half steps

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50
Q

How many half steps does a minor 6th have?

A

8 half steps

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51
Q

How many half steps does a major sixth have?

A

9 half steps

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52
Q

How many half steps does a major 7th have?

A

11 half steps

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53
Q

How many half steps does a minor 7th have?

A

10 half steps

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54
Q

How many half steps are in an octave?

A

12 half steps

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55
Q

What is the distance between two pitches?

A

An interval

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56
Q

What are the two styles of intervals?

A

Harmonic or melodic

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57
Q

What is a harmonic interval?

A

The two pitches occur simultaneously

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58
Q

What is a melodic interval?

A

The two pitches occur in succession

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59
Q

Wha intervals are either ascending or descending?

A

Melodic intervals

60
Q

What intervals exceed an octave?

A

The major and minor ninth and the major and minor tenth

61
Q

What are the three different variations of minor scale?

A

Minor, harmonic and melodic

62
Q

When two notes are the same pitch just different tonics what are they called?

A

Relative major and minor

63
Q

What are major and minor scales that begin and end on the same tonic pitch called?

A

Parallel

64
Q

What happens to degrees 3 and 7 in a blues scale?

A

They are lowered, left normal, or somewhere in between

65
Q

What is a melody?

A

A series of successive pitches

66
Q

What is the term for two pitches occurring at the same time?

A

Harmony or counterpoint

67
Q

What do all melodies have?

A

A contour or profile

68
Q

How does a conjunct melody move?

A

Through mostly half steps and whole steps

69
Q

What is a common contour for melodies?

A

an arch

70
Q

What are the high, middle and low parts of an instrument’s range called?

A

The high, middle or low register

71
Q

What is rhythm?

A

The way music is organized in time

72
Q

What is a beat?

A

The steady pulse that undelies most music

73
Q

What is tempo?

A

The speed of the beat

74
Q

What is very fast in Italian and what is the number of beats?

A

Presto at 200 bpm

75
Q

What is the Italian term for fast and number of bpm’s?

A

Allegro 120 bpm

76
Q

What is the Italian term for moderate and what is the bpm?

A

Moderato, 108 bpm

77
Q

What is the Italian term for at walking tempo and what are the bpm’s?

A

Andante 84 bpm

78
Q

What is the Italian term for slow and what is the bpm?

A

Adagio 72 bpm

79
Q

What is the Italian term for very slow and what is the bpm?

A

lento or Grave, 40 bpm

80
Q

If there is no steady tempo what is the music said to be?

A

Unmetered

81
Q

If there is a perceived beat, but it speeds up and slows down for expressive review what is it called?

A

Rubato

82
Q

How are beats normally grouped?

A

Into measures

83
Q

What are measures separated by?

A

Bar lines

84
Q

What beat of any measure is always the strongest?

A

The first beat

85
Q

What is the first beat of any measure called?

A

The downbeat

86
Q

What is meter?

A

The pattern of emphasis superimposed on groups of beats

87
Q

When words fall before the downbeat what are they called?

A

Anacrusis or pickup

88
Q

How is meter indicated in music?

A

With a time signature

89
Q

In a time signature what does the lower number indicate?

A

A durational value

90
Q

What does the upper note in a time signature indicate?

A

How many of the durational values will occur in one measure

91
Q

What rock song from the 1950’s has a clearly articulated compound meter?

A

Put Your Head on My Shoulder

92
Q

What does irregular meter feature?

A

Measures that have differet meters alternating in an irregular pattern

93
Q

What is polymeter?

A

When two or more meters are operating simultaneously

94
Q

What music piece is considered syncopated?

A

St. Louis Blues

95
Q

What is cross-rhythm also known as?

A

Polyrhythm

96
Q

What does Beat refer to?

A

A regular underlying pulse that is not always audible

97
Q

How does harmony occur?

A

When two or more tones are sounding simultaneously

98
Q

When was common-practice tonality codified?

A

By about 1750

99
Q

What is a chord?

A

Three or more pitches

100
Q

What is a triad?

A

A three note chord consisting of two intervals of a third

101
Q

What is a major triad?

A

A three note chord that has a majo third on the bottom and a minor third on top

102
Q

Describe a minor triad

A

Aminor third on the bottom and a major third above

103
Q

What are the two least common triads?

A

Diminished, two minor thirds; and the augmented triad, two major thirds

104
Q

What is the lowest note in a triad?

A

The root

105
Q

What is the middle note in the triad?

A

The third

106
Q

What is the highest note in the triad called?

A

The fifth

107
Q

When the third of the triad is on the bottom what kind of inversion is it?

A

The first inversion

108
Q

What inversion is it when the fifth is on the bottom?

A

It is the second inversion

109
Q

What are the two types of accidentals?

A

Sharps and flats

110
Q

How many major and minor scales are there?

A

12 major and 12 minor

111
Q

What is Dissonance?

A

The quality of a pitch, interval, or chord that it makes it seem unstable or tese

112
Q

What is Conssonance?

A

Thequality of a pitch, interval or chord that makes it seem a suitable point of rest or resolution

113
Q

What musical piece uses dissonance?

A

Nacht

114
Q

What does diatonic mean?

A

Within the key

115
Q

What does the quality of a diatonic triad depend on?

A

Which scale degree is at its root

116
Q

What are the most common predominant harmonies?

A

Supertonic and subdominant

117
Q

What is a chain of triads called?

A

Chord progression

118
Q

What is the lowest voice in a series of chords?

A

A bass line

119
Q

How can harmony be made more complex?

A

To modulate (change keys)

120
Q

What composer concluded that music had been so chromatic that the onnly possible next step forward was to fee dissonance from the need to resolve to the tonic?

A

Arnold Schoenberg

121
Q

What two musical pieces have no tonic pitch?

A

Six bagatelles or nacht

122
Q

What are the four types of texture in Western music?

A

Monophony, homophony, polyphony and heterophony

123
Q

What musical piece usus heterophony?

A

Dippermouth Blues

124
Q

What is among the most noticable features of a given piece of music?

A

Instrumentation

125
Q

What is arranging?

A

The art of taking an exiting piece of music and giving instuctions as to what each individual performer should play

126
Q

What is dynamics?

A

The loudness or softness of a sound

127
Q

What does ppp stand for?

A

Painississimo, as quietly as possible

128
Q

What doess pp stand for?

A

Pianissimo, very quietly

129
Q

What does p stand for?

A

Piano, quietly

130
Q

What does mp stand for?

A

mezzopiano, somewhat quietly

131
Q

What does mf stand for?

A

Mezzoforte, somewhat loud

132
Q

What does f stand for?

A

Forte, loud

133
Q

What does ff stand for?

A

Fortissimo, very loud

134
Q

What does fff stand for?

A

Fortississimo, as loudly as possible

135
Q

What expressive factor affects the sound of piece?

A

Articulation

136
Q

What is the term when the bow of the violin may be bounced from the string, or the finger used to pluck it?

A

Pizzicato

137
Q

What is the primary way that tension is created?

A

through harmonic dissonance

138
Q

What is the smalles unit of form?

A

A motive

139
Q

What do phrases often come in?

A

Related pairs

140
Q

What is the first member of a phrase pair?

A

The antecedent

141
Q

What is the second member of the pair phrase?

A

The consequent phrase

142
Q

What is the term for a resting point in a piece of music?

A

Cadence

143
Q

What does a half cadence rest on?

A

The dominant harmony

144
Q

What is a full cadence also known as?

A

An authentic cadence

145
Q

What does coda mean in Italian?

A

Tail

146
Q

What is a musical idea repeated at different pitch levels?

A

A sequence

147
Q

What is a common way of structuring a composition?

A

Theme and variation

148
Q

Who published Piano Variations?

A

Aaron Copland

Music (17 decks)

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