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Music Flashcards

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1
Q

sound organized in time

A

music

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2
Q

the highness or lowness of a sound

A

pitch

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3
Q

orchestral musicians in the US tune to this note

A

A-440

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4
Q

The term for scholars who study the music of other cultures

A

ethnomusicologists

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5
Q

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel created how many groups of instruments?

A

4

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6
Q

What texture has two or more melodic lines unfold simultaneously

A

polyphonic

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7
Q

What is the art of taking an existing piece of music and giving instructions as to what each individual performer should play

A

arranging

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8
Q

The combination of instruments involved in a work of music

A

instrumentation

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9
Q

Another expressive factor expressing the sound of a piece is called

A

articulation

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10
Q

The primary way tension is created through harmonic _______.

A

Dissonance

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11
Q

what is the broadcast definition of music?

A

sound organized in time

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12
Q

improvisation

A

simultaneous composition and performance

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13
Q

how does raising the amplitude of a sound wave affect the sound?

A

sound becomes louder

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14
Q

a melody that moves primarily in half steps or whole steps conjunct melody

A

conjunct melody

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15
Q

Between which TWO pairs of notes on the keyboard are there no black keys?

A

B to C and E to F

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16
Q

From which key on the keyboard would a natural minor scale consisting only of white keys begin?

A

A

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17
Q

transpose

A

to move a piece of music from one key to another

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18
Q

What aspect of a melody must remain unchanged when it is transposed to another key?

A

the interval relationships between the notes

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19
Q

contour

A

the overall shape or direction of a melody

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20
Q

how does lowering the frequency of a sound wave affect the sound

A

pitch becomes lower

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21
Q

what is the frequency of A above middle C, the note to which orchestral musicians tune their instruments

A

440 Hz

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22
Q

chordophones

A

instruments that use vibrating strings to produce sound

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23
Q

idiophones

A

instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound

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24
Q

aerophones

A

instruments that use a vibrating column of air to produce

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25
Q

membranophones

A

instruments that use a vibrating column of air to produce sound

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26
Q

electrophones

A

instruments that use an oscillator to produce sounds

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27
Q

what instrument family includes the flute, bassoon, and saxophone

A

woodwinds

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28
Q

what instrument family includes the tuba, french horn, and bugle

A

brass

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29
Q

what are five examples of stringed instruments

A

violon, viola, cello, doublebass, and guitar

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30
Q

what instruments family includes the marimba, timpani, and vibraphone?

A

percussion

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31
Q

what are four examples of keyboard instruments

A

piano, harpsichord, organ, and celesta

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32
Q

pitch

A

the higness or lowness of a sound

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33
Q

what interval is produced by halving the length of a string on a guitar

A

octave

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34
Q

where is middle c located on the piano keyboard

A

roughly equidistant from either end

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35
Q

overtones

A

weaker frequencies that color the sound of a note

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36
Q

into how many equal parts does equal temperament divide the octave

A

12

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37
Q

chromatic scale

A

the 12 pitches of the octave, played in ascending order

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38
Q

what does a sharp symbol indicate

A

the note should be raised

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39
Q

what does a flat symbol indicate?

A

the note should be lowered

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40
Q

what are the notes g# and Ab, which are identical in pitch referred to as?

A

enharmonic

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41
Q

how many pitches does a diatonic scale contain

A

seven

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42
Q

why is the seventh pitch in a scale called the leading tone

A

it begs to resolve upward to the tonic pitch

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43
Q

what is the role of the tonic pitch

A

acts as a point or repose and completion

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44
Q

dominant pitch

A

the fifth scale degree

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45
Q

performance practice

A

a study of how music actually sounded when it was written

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46
Q

interval

A

the distance between two pitches

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47
Q

what unit of measurement is used to describe an interval

A

half step or semitone

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48
Q

What is the highest note of a triad known as?

A

the fifth

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49
Q

melodic interval

A

two pitches played consecutively

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50
Q

what is the interval between c and g ascending

A

perfect fifth

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51
Q

what is the interval between a and c ascending

A

minor third

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52
Q

what is the interval between f and b ascending

A

tritone

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53
Q

what is the interval between ^6 and ^7 in a major scale

A

whole step

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54
Q

What determines the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves?

A

the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves is equal to the difference in frequency between the two waves (f1 - f2 = bps).

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55
Q

what is the interval between ^2 and ^3 in a major scale

A

whole step

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56
Q

what are the 3 varieties of minor scale

A

natural, melodic and harmonic

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57
Q

hat scale degree is always lowered in a minor scale

A

^3

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58
Q

how does harmonic minor differ from natural minor

A

the seventh scale degree is raised in harmonic minor

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59
Q

relative major and minor

A

major and minor scales that use the same pitches, but different tonics

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60
Q

parallel major and minor

A

major and minor scales that contain the same pitches

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61
Q

andante

A

at a walking pace

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62
Q

which scale degrees can be lowered in a blues scale

A

^3 and ^5

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63
Q

melody

A

a series of successive pitches perceived but the ear ti firm a whole cohesive

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64
Q

how many pitches can occur simultaneously in a melody

A

1

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65
Q

what is the fastest tempo

A

presto

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66
Q

what is the slowest tempo

A

lento or grave

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67
Q

andante

A

at a walking pace

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68
Q

what other name is used to refer to a full cadence?

A

authentic cadence

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69
Q

on what harmony does half cadence rest?

A

the dominant

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70
Q

theme

A

a set of phrases making up a complete melody which figures prominently in a piece of music

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71
Q

how does the sequence differ from repitition?

A

in sequence, the repetition occurs at varying pitch levels

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72
Q

what symbols are used to label complete sections of MUSICAL FORM IN A DIAGRAM?

A

capital letters

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73
Q

what TWO contrasting elements must a listener be able to recognize in musical variation?

A

continuity and alteration

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74
Q

what symbol is used to denote a variation on a theme?

A

a “prime” mark added to the same capital letter used for the theme

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75
Q

what meter is generally used for a twelve-bar blues?

A

duple

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76
Q

What THREE harmonies appear in a standard twelve-bar blues?

A

I, IV, and V (tonic, predominant and dominant)

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77
Q

How is contrast used in ternary form?

A

There is a contrasting middle section between the similar first and last sections.

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78
Q

What kind of cadence is used to end each section of ternary form?

A

authentic cadence

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79
Q

What name is ternary form also known by?

A

ABA form

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80
Q

rondo form

A

a form made up of a multiple sections, one of which recurs

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81
Q

how does rondo form differ from ternary form?

A

rondo form is less structured than tenury form and allows for more and different sections

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82
Q

how long are the sections of a standard 32-bar form?

A

8 measures each

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83
Q

What diagram is typically used to represent a 32-bar form

A

AABA

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84
Q

fugue subject

A

a single theme developed using a counterpoint

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85
Q

countersubject

A

a companion theme to the fugue subject

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86
Q

imitation

A

the approximate repetition of a melodic idea a a different pitch level

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87
Q

what musical texture best describes a fugue?

A

polyphony

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88
Q

At either of what TWO intervals from an original subject does the second line of a fugue usually imitiate the subject?

A

a fifth higher, or a fourth lower

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89
Q

what THREE main sections make up the sonata form

A

exposition, development, and reacapitualition

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90
Q

how many major musical ideas are present in a sonatat?

A

2

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91
Q

To what key does the sonata form usually modulate for the second idea

A

the dominant

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92
Q

how does the exposition of a sonata form generally end?

A

a strong cadence in the dominant key

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93
Q

Which section form is the most harmonically unstable?

A

the development

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94
Q

how does the development of a sonata form generally end?

A

a half cadence in the dominant key

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95
Q

How does the reacapitulation differ from the exposition in the sonata form

A

the second msuical idea does not modulate to the dominant key in the recapitulation

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96
Q

movements

A

shorter, distinct pieces that make up a longer work

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97
Q

what pattern of tempos usually appears in four-movemet, but not three-movement, sonata cycles?

A

a dance-like “minuet and trio” movement

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98
Q

performance practice

A

a study of how music actually

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99
Q

In a sound wave, what is the difference between compression and rarefaction?

A

A sound wave moving through the air causes pressure changes. Compression refers to the space where air pressure is increased, while rarefaction is the area where air pressure is decreased. One cycle of compression and rarefaction creates a complete sound wave.

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100
Q

What is a “period” as it relates to the physics of sound?

A

A period is the length of time that a sound wave takes to complete one cycle of compression and rarefaction creates a complete sound wave.

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101
Q

What physical property of a sound wave determines its pitch?

A

The frequency of the sound determines its pitch.

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102
Q

What physical property of sound does frequency measure?

A

Frequency measures the rate of the vibrations of a sound in hertz.

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103
Q

What is the unit of measurement for frequency, and for whom is it named?

A

The unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist; hertz measures the frequency of a sound wave in cycles per second. One hertz is one cycle per second.

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104
Q

In what way does a change in the frequency of a sound after its ptch?

A

Higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches, and lower frequencies correspond to lower pitches.

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105
Q

Who is believed to have first discovered that musical pitches are related to each other by specific ratios?

A

Pythagoras

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106
Q

Notes that are separated by an octave are how many half steps apart?

A

Two notes an octave apart are separated by 12 half steps.

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107
Q

What is the ratio between the frequencies of two notes that are separated by one octave?

A

2:1

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108
Q

If a given note has a frequency of 440 Hz, what is the frequency of a note that is one octave higher?

A

880 Hz (440 x 2)

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109
Q

In modern Western music, what is the standard frequency used in most orchestras of the tuning note A4?

A

440 Hz

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110
Q

How many pitches are contained in one octave of a chromatic scale?

A

One octave of the chromatic scale consists of 12 pitches spaced fairly evenly throughout the octave. If these pitches have been obtained by precisely dividing the frequencies between the two octave notes, then the scale has been tuned with equal temperament.

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111
Q

What is a “sound envelope”?

A

“Sound envelope” is the term used to describe the lifespan of a sound.

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112
Q

What are the three parts of the sound envelope?

A

The sound envelope consists of the attack, sustain, and decay of a sound.

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113
Q

What creates the attack of a note?

A

The attack is caused by the initial resistance of the instrument to the force causing the sound vibrations, such as the movement of a bow on a string.

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114
Q

What is happening to the wave during the decay of a sound?

A

The decay of a sound is created by the decrease in force and amplitude of the vibrations of the wave.

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115
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Amplitude is the distance that a wave moves from its equilibrium position while vibrating.

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116
Q

What is intensity?

A

Intensity is a measure of the power, or energy per second, of a sound wave as it vibrates.

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117
Q

How are amplitude and intensity similar?

A

Amplitude and intensity both affect the volume of a sound wave as it is perceived by the ear.

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118
Q

What is the relationship between amplitude and frequency?

A

Ideally, there is none. A strict change in the frequency of a pitch will not change its amplitude, and vice versa.

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119
Q

Describe the amplitude and frequency of a note that is low-pitched and loud.

A

The low pitch is a result of a low frequency, and the loudness a result of a high amplitude.

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120
Q

What unit is used to measure amplitude?

A

decibel (dB)

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121
Q

From what scientist does the decibel take its name?

A

A decibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is named after Aexander Graham Bel..

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122
Q

What does a measurement in decibels indicate?

A

A measurement in decibels gives the ratio between the intensities of two different sounds

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123
Q

What is the decibel measurement for the human threshold of hearing?

A

0 dB

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124
Q

Why is the measurement of 120 dB significant?

A

An amplitude of 120 dB is the human threshold of pain.

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125
Q

What does the term “dynamics” refer to?

A

Dynamics describe the different volumes in a piece of music such as forte or pianissimo.

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126
Q

What language is used for indicating dynamics in music?

A

Italian

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127
Q

Put the following terms in order according to the level of volume that they indicate, from softest to loudest: forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, fortissimo, piano, mezzo forte

A

pianissimo, piano, mezzo piano, mezzo forte, forte, fortissimo

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128
Q

What is the difference between a crescendo and decrescendo?

A

A crescendo indicates a gradual increase in the volume of music; a decrescendo indicates a gradual decrease in the volume of music.

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129
Q

What is timbre?

A

Timbre refers to the qualities of a sound that distinguish it from another sound of the same pitch and volume. Timbre is also known as “tone color.”

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130
Q

What are harmonics?

A

Harmonics, or overtones, are the pitches above the fundamental that occur naturally when a sound is produced.

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131
Q

what is the interval between a fundamental pitch and its first overtone?

A

The first harmonic, or overtone, is exactly one octave higher than its fundamental pitch.

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132
Q

What type of sound does a sine wave represent?

A

A sine wave represents the sound wave of a note with no overtones.

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133
Q

What sort of wave is used to represent a pitch that is heard with only odd overtones?

A

A square wave.

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134
Q

What sort of overtones are present in a sawtooth wave?

A

A sawtooth waveform is used to indicate a pitch that is heard with all of its overtones.

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135
Q

Name three factors that affect the sound spectrum of an instrument

A

The sound spectrum is affected by the frequency of the fundamental; the number, distribution, and intensity of the overtones; and the interactions between the harmonics themselves.

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136
Q

What cause interference?

A

The overlap of multiple simultaneous sound waves

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137
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

constructive interference occurs when simultaneous sound waves “in phase”;: they match up trough to trough and crest to crest, resulting in an amplitude that is the sum of all of the individual amplitudes.

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138
Q

What is the product of constructive interference?

A

Constructive interference results in a sound wave with an amplitude equal to the sum of the amplitudes of its component waves.

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139
Q

What causes destructive interference?

A

Destructive interference occurs when two interacting waves are “out of phase”: they are not perfectly aligned.

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140
Q

What is the result of destructive interference?

A

Destructive interference fully or at least partially cancels out the amplitudes of its component waves.

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141
Q

What causes beats?

A

Beats are caused by the interference between sound waves that are cycling between being out of phase, (which decreases the amplitude) and in phase (which increases the amplitude).

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142
Q

What determines the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves?

A

the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves is equal to the difference in frequency between the two waves (f1 - f2 = bps).

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143
Q

diatonic

A

within the key

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144
Q

Which scale degrees correspond to major triads in a major key

A

1,4,5

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145
Q

which scale degrees correspond to minor triads in a major key

A

2,3,6

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146
Q

why does the dominant triad resolve to the tonic

A

it contains both the fifth scale degree and the leading tone

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147
Q

predominant harmonies

A

harmonies that pull to the dominant chord

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148
Q

on which scale degrees are the most common predominant harmonies based

A

2,4

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149
Q

what is the most common chord progression

A

predominant, dominant, tonic

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150
Q

how is the smoother voice leading created

A

by inverting chords so that each layer of the chord progression is conjunct

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151
Q

what scale degrees make up a dominant seventh chord

A

5,7,2,4

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152
Q

why does the dominant seventh chord have such a strong to pull to resolve

A

it contains a tritone

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153
Q

what is the strongest ending for a bass line

A

5 to 1

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154
Q

what are the most embellishments of a triad

A

adding a sixth seventh or ninth above the root

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155
Q

what distinguishes complex harmony from simple harmony

A

complex harmony uses more chromatic pitches

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156
Q

what does it mean for a piece of music to modulate

A

change keys

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157
Q

what is the name of schoenbergs system of pitch relationships

A

the twelve tone method

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158
Q

polytonality

A

using two keys simultaneously

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159
Q

texture

A

the number of things going on in a piece of music

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160
Q

what are the four types of texture in music

A

monophony, heterophony, homophony, and polyphony

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161
Q

monophony

A

music consisting of a single unaccompanied melodic line

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162
Q

what are the components of homophonic music

A

melody and harmony

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163
Q

polyphony

A

two or more melodies unfolding at the same time

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164
Q

what is the name of the technique used by western composers to produce polyphony

A

counterpoint

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165
Q

melodies in the counterpoint

A

melodies with the same beat and harmonic progression

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166
Q

instrumentation

A

the instrument or combination of instruments used in a piece

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167
Q

why is it difficult to determine the pitch of a church bell

A

bells produce very strong overtones

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168
Q

why does a clarinet produce a clear note with little ambiguity in pitch

A

only strong overtones reproduce the pitch being overplayed

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169
Q

instrument attributes determining its timbre

A

the material form which it is made and the amount of resonance

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170
Q

dynamics

A

the loudness and softness of a sound

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171
Q

pianissisimo

A

as softly as possible

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172
Q

fortississimo

A

as loudly as possible

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173
Q

crescendo

A

a gradual increase in dynamics

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174
Q

decrescendo or diminuendo

A

a gradual decrease in dynamics

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175
Q

mp

A

mezzopiano

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176
Q

ff

A

fortissimo

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177
Q

articulation

A

the mechanics of starting and ending a sound

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178
Q

staccato

A

short detached notes

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179
Q

what part of the mouth does a woodwind player use to create a staccato effect

A

his tongue

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180
Q

legato

A

notes that are played in a smooth connected manner

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181
Q

bouncing the bow or plucking the string(pizzicato)

A

violin techniques used to produce staccato

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182
Q

what is the difference between staccato and an accent

A

an accent has a more sudden beginning and does not require separation before the next note

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183
Q

ornamentation

A

localized embellishments, often unwritten

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184
Q

symbol for staccato

A

a dot placed under or over the note head

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185
Q

symbol for legato

A

a curved line connecting multiple note heads

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186
Q

tenuto

A

notes that are stressed without force

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187
Q

symbol for tenuto

A

a horizontal line under or over the note head

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188
Q

form

A

the organization of a piece of music on a larger scale

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189
Q

what two visual representations are used to express musical form

A

scores and diagrams

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190
Q

tension and release

A

complementary elements shape to a chord progression or melody

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191
Q

what method is the primary way to create tension in music

A

harmonic dissonance

192
Q

motive

A

smalleest identifiable recurring musical idea

193
Q

phrase

A

cohesive musical thought

194
Q

antecedent and consequence phrases

A

the two members of a related pair of phrases

195
Q

cadence

A

a resting point in a piece of music

196
Q

a melody that moves primarily in intervals larger than a minor second

A

disjunct melody

197
Q

the high, middle , and low parts of an instruments’ range

A

register

198
Q

what is the distinguishing feature of a melody with a high tessitura?

A

it calls for many notes in the high register of an instrument’s range

199
Q

the way music is organized in time

A

rhythm

200
Q

the steady pulse that underlies most music

A

beat

201
Q

the speed of the beat

A

tempo

202
Q

the tempo of a piece slowing down

A

ritardondo

203
Q

the tempo of a piece speeding up

A

accelerando

204
Q

a piece f music with no beat

A

unmetered music

205
Q

a piece of music iwth a beat that speeds up or slows down for expressive purposes

A

rubato

206
Q

which beat of a musical measure is strongest?

A

the first, also called the downbeat

207
Q

the pattern of emphasis superimposed on groups of beats

A

meter

208
Q

a group of beats

A

a measure, or bar

209
Q

music with groups of 2 or 4 beats

A

duple meter

210
Q

a note that falls before the downbeat of the first measure

A

pickup, or anacrusis

211
Q

What THREE elements of notation indicate the duration of a note?

A

the note head, the flags on the stem, and dots

212
Q

How many numbers do time signatures contain?

A

2

213
Q

what does the top number of a time signature represent

A

the number of beats in a measure

214
Q

what does the bottom number of a time signiture represent?

A

how long one beat is

215
Q

a beat with a triple subdivision

A

compound meter

216
Q

measures with different meters occurring in succession

A

mixed meter

217
Q

two or more meters occurring simultaneously

A

polymeter

218
Q

emphasizing notes that fall on weak beats or in between beats

A

syncopation

219
Q

two or more conflicting rhythmic patterns occurring simultaneously

A

polyrhythm

220
Q

two or more tones sounding simultaneously

A

harmony

221
Q

the system used in western cultures to organize pitch and harmony

A

common practice tonality

222
Q

3 or more

A

how many notes must there be in a chord

223
Q

a three note chord up of two intervals of a third

A

triad

224
Q

what are the FOUR types of triad

A

major, minor, diminished, and augmented

225
Q

in ascending order, what intervals make up a major triad?

A

a major third and a minor third

226
Q

in ascending order, what intervals make up a minor triad?

A

a minor third and a major third

227
Q

in ascending order, what intervals make up a diminished triad?

A

a major third and a major third

228
Q

what is the lowest note of a triad known as?

A

the root

229
Q

WHAT IS THE HIGHEST NOTE OF A TIRAD KNOWN AS??????????????????????????

A

the fifth

230
Q

Under what circumstance can the human ear not hear beats?

A

Beats cannot be detected by the human ear if they become too fast. If two interfering pitches are far apart in frequency, there will be too many beats per second for the ear to perceive them.

231
Q

What scientist extensively studied the frequencies of interfering waves and the beats they produce?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

232
Q

According to Helmholtz, which three ratios between frequencies and corresponding intervals create the “smoothest” sounds?

A

1:1 (two notes of the same pitch), 1:2 (an octave(, 2:3 (a fifth)

233
Q

What is the difference between consonance and dissonance?

A

Consonance occurs when interacting pitches and their overtones are complementary so do not produce audible beats; dissonance is when overtones clash with one another and create beats.

234
Q

In addition to harmonics and beats, what quality of a n instrument affects its timbre?

A

The material of which the instrument is constructed affects its timbre.

235
Q

When a material is forced into vibrating at one of its naturally occurring frequencies, what do we call this response?

A

resonance

236
Q

what is polyphone

A

polyphonic music inclues two or more separate melodies occurring simultaneously

237
Q

what term is used to describe the texture of music that has a single melody accompanied by music hat is written in the same key as the primary melody

A

homophony

238
Q

what is heterophony

A

heterophopnic music features a single meoldy that is played in slightly different forms by multiple voices or instruments at the same time

239
Q

describe homorhythmic texture

A

homorhythmic texture occurs when the accompanying parts have the same rhythm as the primary melody

240
Q

what is polyrhythmic teutre

A

occurs when two or more lines of music with differen meters are played simultaneously

241
Q

what is form

A

the term used to refer to the overall framework or organization of a piece of music

242
Q

what is the form of a piece of music that has two or more distinct sections

A

compound form

243
Q

name the musical form that consists of ovements inspired by dances

A

a suite

244
Q

what is an open form

A

in which a sectionor piece ends unresolved or in a key other than the ones in which it behan

245
Q

what is close form

A

a piece written in closed form features a definite resolution and a sense of closure; it ends o nthe tonic of the key in which it began

246
Q

wehat textural and melodic similarities exist between a fugue and a motet

A

both feauture extensive polyphony and melodic repetition

247
Q

ethnomusicology

A

the study or comparitive study of the music of other cultures

248
Q

why does an arbitary dropped object not produce a pitch?

A

its sound wave is short and irregular

249
Q

what THREE techniques are used to make the strings of chordophones vibrate?

A

plucking, bowing or striking the strings

250
Q

What frequencey describes the pitch A played one ctave lower than A -440

A

A-220

251
Q

fundamental harmonic

A

the loudesr and strongest pitch produced by asound wave

252
Q

what note is the enharmonic equivalent of C#

A

Db

253
Q

what note is the enharmonic equivalent of Bb

A

A#

254
Q

what note is the dominant equivalent of G

A

D

255
Q

which triad inversion has the third on the bottom?

A

first inversion

256
Q

a triad with the root position note at the bottom

A

root position

257
Q

the set of pitch relationships in which a piece or section of a piece of music occurs

A

key

258
Q

what pitch determines the name and gravitational center of a key?

A

the tonic pitch

259
Q

whcih scale degrees stermine whether a key is major or minor

A

^3 ^6 and 7^

260
Q

chromatic pitches

A

pitches that are not within the key of a piece of music

261
Q

a set of accidentals that indicate the key

A

key signiture

262
Q

Define rhythm.

A

Rhythm is the ordering and grouping of sounds and silences through time.

263
Q

What term is used to refer to the basic pulse of music?

A

beat

264
Q

What happens to the beats of a piece if the tempo increases?

A

An increase in tempo means the music moves faster, causing the beats to come closer together in time.

265
Q

What is the difference between tempo and meter?

A

Tempo merely measures how fast the beat is while meter refers to the rhythmic groupings of stressed and unstressed beats.

266
Q

what note is the dominant pitch in the key of g?

A

D

267
Q

what note is the dominant pitch in the key of Bb

A

F

268
Q

‘what note is the dominant pitch in the key of D#

A

A#

269
Q

What note is the leading tone in the key of A

A

G#

270
Q

What note is the leading tone in the key of f

A

E

271
Q

what is the term for the form of a song that contains several unique sections without repetition

A

through composed

272
Q

wat interval occurs between F and G#

A

augmented second

273
Q

what interval occurs between ^6 and raised ^7 in a harmonic minor scale?

A

augmented second

274
Q

which minor scale changes its pitches when played descending?

A

melodic

275
Q

how much larger than an octave is a minor ninth

A

a minor second

276
Q

how much larger than an octave is a major tenth

A

a major third

277
Q

how many half steps does a major ninth contain

A

14

278
Q

what does a key signature that includes a D flat imply?

A

the pitch of D will automatically be lowered for the rest of the piece

279
Q

how many accidentals are there in the key of c?

A

none

280
Q

how many and what type of accidental are there in the key of F?

A

1 flat

281
Q

How many and what type of accidentals are there in the key of G?

A

1 sharp

282
Q

how many and what type of accidentals are there in the key of E?

A

4 sharps

283
Q

the quality of a pitch, interval, or chords that makes it seem suitable for rest or resolution

A

consonance

284
Q

an interval made up of three whole steps

A

tritone

285
Q

according to USAD, what instruments are included in a typical jazz band?

A

clarinet, trumpet, trombone, saxophone, piano, double bass, and percussion

286
Q

in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a cello

A

a3, d3, g2, c2, the same letters as a viola but an octave lower

287
Q

What is a diatonic scale?

A

A diatonic scale is a scale that uses notes from the chromatic scale, but contains only seven notes per octave. For example, the major and minor scales are types of diatonic scales.

288
Q

what is the typical range of the alto voice?

A

G3 to D5, +/- one or two notes

289
Q

what is periodization?

A

periodization is the process of dividing history into specific memorably segments

290
Q

who first used the term renaissance

A

Jules Michelet, a 19th century french historian

291
Q

Who wrote the Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy?

A

Jacob Burkhardt, a 19th century Swiss historian

292
Q

What are the most common meters in Western music?

A

duple meter (groups of two beats) and triple meter (groups of three beats)

293
Q

What is the difference between simple and compound meter?

A

A simple meter is one in which each beat is divided in half; in compound meter, beats are divided into groups of three.

294
Q

What is a downbeat?

A

A downbeat is the first beat of a measure. It is almost always an accented beat.

295
Q

Music notation must provide at least what two important pieces of information about the work?

A

Music notation must clearly indicate the pitches of the notes and their durations.

296
Q

What elements of Wester musical notation are used to indicate pitch?

A

The clef and the placement of notes on the stuff indicate the desired pitches.

297
Q

What elements of musical notation indicate the duration and rhythm of notes?

A

The appearance and shape of the notes and the different symbols used to indicate rests indicate the intended rhythm and duration of notes.

298
Q

Who created the system of musical notation upon which the modern Western system is based?

A

Franco of Cologne (13th Century)

299
Q

What do rests indicate?

A

Rests indicate that there should be a silence of a certain length in the music.

300
Q

What is syncopation?

A

Syncopation occurs when beats are stressed at unexpected or unusual times.

301
Q

What does a 5/8 time signature indicate?

A

A 5/8 time signature means that there are five (5) beats per measure and that the eighth (8) note receives one beat.

302
Q

How does a note change if a dot is added next to it?

A

A dot next to a note indicates that the duration of the note equals the length of the original note plus half its length. For example, a dotted eighth note has the length of an eighth note plus a sixteenth note.

303
Q

In what unit is tempo usually measured?

A

Tempo is usually measured in beats per minute.

304
Q

What is the difference between the terms adagio and allegro?

A

both adagio and allegro are terms that indicate; however, adagio means “slow” while allegro means “fast.”

305
Q

What does the tempo marking “maestoso” mean?

A

“majestically”

306
Q

What is melody?

A

Melody refers to a series of pitches that form a cohesive tune.

307
Q

How are notes on the staff named?

A

Notes on the staff are named using the letters A through g.

308
Q

What is another name for the treble clef?

A

G clef

309
Q

What is another name for the bass clef?

A

F Clef

310
Q

The second line from the bottom of a treble-clef staff is a

A

G

311
Q

What is the grand staff?

A

The grand staff includes both the treble and bass clef staffs so that a wide range of pitches can be seen at once.

312
Q

What is a scale?

A

A scale is a sequence

313
Q

what textural and melodic similarities exist between a fugue and a motet

A

both feature extensive polyphony and melodic repetition

314
Q

how many sections does a piece of binary from contain

A

two

315
Q

what is the typical chord progression within sections in binary form

A

the first section moves from the tonic to the dominant; the second section moves from the dominant back to the tonic

316
Q

how is rounded binary form different from simple binary form

A

in rounded binary form, the first section returns to the tonic in a slightly modified way after the second section, thus creating the a section, in simple binary the b section contains the return to the tonic

317
Q

what is the differenve between ternary form and rounded binary form

A

ternary form has three sections. the third section is identical to the first whereas rounded binary form includes a return if the A section in a modified form

318
Q

what is the structure of a rondo

A

a rondo contains one section that alternates with at least two other sections, creating the structure abacada

319
Q

what is the name of the binary form most common in american popular music

A

verse/chorus or verse/ refrain

320
Q

what is a bridge

A

a bridge is a unique section added to a binary form song, typically before the last refrain

321
Q

how does the inclusion of a bridge add to the musical complexity of binary form

A

the bridge is typically written in the dominant, which increases the musical tension of the work before returning to the tonic in the final chorus

322
Q

what is the term for the form of a song that contains several unique sections without repetition

A

through composed

323
Q

mozarts” ah, vous dirais-je maman” takes the well known tune of “Twinkle twinkle little star” and repeats it again and again in many different forms, so its form is that of

A

theme and variations

324
Q

what are the three sections of a work written in sonata form

A

exposition, development, and recapitulation

325
Q

what is the purpose of the exposition in sonata form

A

the exposition serves to introduce the main theme or themes of the piece in the tonic key

326
Q

in what key does the development of a piece in sonata form typically end

A

the dominant

327
Q

what is the purpose of the recapitulation in sonata form

A

the recapitulation restates the main theme of the piece, often with variation

328
Q

what is a coda

A

a coda is a final section in a piece that gives it a formal sense of closure by emphasizing dominant harmonies and their resolution to the tonic one last time

329
Q

what chords or keys are typically accentuated in the coda

A

the coda typically focuses on the subdominant or dominant harmonies and then resolves to the tonic key

330
Q

during what two musical eras was the sonata form most popular

A

classical and romantic

331
Q

a piece that begins with an opening themes, modulates through a number of different keys and ends with a restatement of the opening theme is in what form

A

sonata form

332
Q

along with binary form, what other form has had a significant influence upon most american popular music

A

12 bar blues

333
Q

what is the alphabetic structure of 12 bar blues

A

aab:the first four bars (A) are repeated (A) and then resolved by a contrasting four-bar section (B)

334
Q

in typical 12 bar blues, how many measures long is each phrase

A

each of the three phrases in the 12 bar blues progression is four measures or bars long

335
Q

what is the typical chord progression of the third phrase of 12 bar blues

A

1,4,5,1

336
Q

what combination of instruments is usually responsible for creating the timbre we associate with country music

A

fiddle, acoustic guitar, steel guitar, and banjo

337
Q

What is a diatonic scale?

A

A diatonic

338
Q

What is the sequence of whole and half steps of a major scale?

A

Major scales all follow the following sequence: whole, whole, half, whole whole, whole, half. Thus the half steps fall between the third and fourth notes of the scale and between the seventh and eighth.

339
Q

What is the name of the first note in a scale?

A

The first note in a scale is called the tonic.

340
Q

The dominant represents what scale degree?

A

The dominant is the fifth note in a major or minor scale.

341
Q

What is the significance of the seventh note in a scale?

A

The seventh note is known as the leading tone because it creates a musical tension that seems to “lead” the ear to the tonic note.

342
Q

In a D major scale, what are the letter names of the dominant and leading tones?

A

In a D major scale, A is the dominant and C# is the leading tone.

343
Q

what word is used two notes that are notated differently according to the key in which they occur but that are, in fact, the same note

A

enharmonic

344
Q

how and why is the circle of fifths constructed

A

the circles of fifths is constructed by starting with C and ascending by fifths until C is again reached. they key C has no sharps or flats in it. Each subsequent key in the circle of fifths has one more sharp than the previous key

345
Q

how does the ascending melodic minor scale differ from the descending melodic minor scale

A

in the ascending scale the sixth and seventh notes are raised a half step in comparison to the natural minor scale. in the descending scale, the sicth and seventh notes re not raised, making it identical to the natual minor scale

346
Q

in order form highest to lowest pitch, what are the three ranges of the female voice

A

soprano, mezzo soprano, and alto

347
Q

in order form lowest to highest pitch, what are the three ranges of the male voice

A

bass, baritone, and tenor

348
Q

what is the another name for the alto voice range

A

contralto

349
Q

although the alto and tenor voice ranges overlap greatly in pitch, how do they differ

A

though overlapping in pitch range alto and tenor parts are distinct from each other because the physiology of the female and male voices give each one a unique timbre

350
Q

according to the system developed in the nineteenth century, what instrumental characteristic determines its classification

A

instruments are classified according to what sort of vibrating medium creates their sound

351
Q

what are the five instrumental classification groups

A

idiophones, membranophones, aerophones, chordophones, and electrophones

352
Q

how is sound created on a chordophone

A

chordophones create vibration by the movement of strings which can be either bowed, plucked, or struck

353
Q

what modern chordophones are played with a bow

A

violin, viola, cello, and bass

354
Q

in addition to the strings, what components of a bowed chordophone allow the instrument to vibrate

A

in addition to the strings, the bridge and the sound post are essential in causing vibration by transmitting the vibrations from the strings into the body of the instrument, where they can be amplified and projected

355
Q

What is the difference between conjunct and disjunct melodies?

A

Conjunct melodies include notes that are mostly next to or close to each other on the staff, where as disjunct melodies feature greater distances between consecutive notes.

356
Q

What is the role of harmony in music?

A

Harmony, the addition of chords or other notes to the main melody, is intended to complement the primary melody.

357
Q

What is a chord?

A

A chord has three or more notes that are played at the same time.

358
Q

What is a triad?

A

A triad is a chord which includes a root note and the notes that are a third and a fifth above the root.

359
Q

What is the name of a triad that features the first note of a scale as its root?

A

A tonic chord

360
Q

What shorthand method is used to indicate chord progression in a piece of music?

A

Roman numerals are used to number chords within a scale; chord progressions are described using these Roman numerals.

361
Q

What is one of the most common chord progressions in American folk and rock music?

A

I-IV-V-I

362
Q

What is a cadence?

A

A cadence is a chord progression that conveys a feeling of resolution, used at the end of musical phrases or pieces.

363
Q

What is the name for a cadence that ends on a dominant chord?

A

A half cadence

364
Q

What is a plagal cadence?

A

In a plagal cadence, a subdominant chord is played directly before the final tonic chord. The “Amen” at the end of church hymns is an example of a plagal cadence.

365
Q

A cadence that conveys the greatest sense of closure ends on what chord?

A

the tonic (I)

366
Q

What types of popular music first began to use “passing chords”?

A

Early blues, jazz, and tin Pan alley composers expanded on the classic I-IV-V-I progression by adding passing chords.

367
Q

In a bb major scale, what is the subdominant note?

A

Eb

368
Q

What defines music with a monophonic texture?

A

Monophonic music features a single line of melody, unaccompanied by any additional melodies or harmonies.

369
Q

the song america contains no internal repetition, so its form is

A

through composed

370
Q

name three chordophones on which strings are plucked rather than bowed

A

although there are others, the basic guide mentions the guitar, lute, harp, and zither

371
Q

what three factors affect the way a string sounds

A

the sound of a string is affected by its material, thickness and length

372
Q

what is the relationship between the thickness of a string and its pitch range

A

the thicker the string, the lower the pitch range will be

373
Q

how does length affect the pitch range of a string

A

longer strings will have a lower pitch range than shorter strings

374
Q

about how long is a full size violin

A

35.5

375
Q

in order from highest to lowest, what notes are associated with each of the four strings of violin

A

E5, A4, D4, G3

376
Q

what are f holes

A

the curved holes are on the tops of bowed chordophone instruments that allow the vibrations to travel outward beyond the instruments hollow boddy

377
Q

what is the range of lengths for typical violas

A

violas can range in length from 38 to 40 cm

378
Q

in order from highest to lowest, what are the notes of the strings on a viola

A

a4, d4, g3, c3

379
Q

where is the viola held when it is played

A

like the violin, held under the chin of the left shoulder

380
Q

what is the difference between a cello and a violoncello

A

there is no difference, its another name for cello

381
Q

how long is the body of a cello

A

74 ti 76 cm

382
Q

how does one hold a cello when playing it

A

the body of a cello is held between the legs, supported by an endpin which rests on the ground

383
Q

in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a cello

A

a3,

384
Q

what is the average range of a vibraphone

A

the pitches of vibraphone bars range form f2 to a6

385
Q

what is another name for the tubular bells

A

the tubular bells are also known as orchestral bells or chimes

386
Q

what is the only bar instrument that is struck vertically

A

tubular bells

387
Q

what are some examples of non barred metallophones

A

the triangle, cymbals, gong, and anvil are examples of non barred metallophones

388
Q

which instrument has a greater range: the xylophone or the marimba

A

the marimba has a greater range from a2 to c7. the xylophones range is from f3 to c7

389
Q

what are some examples of unpitched percussion instruments

A

there are numerous examples but USAD lists the following: gongs, wood blocks, castanets, shakers, maracas, slap sticks, cowbells, and jingle bells

390
Q

Why did USAD choose 1450 as the beginning of the musical Renaissance

A

1450 is the year the Guillaume Du fay finished his polyphonic Missa Se la face ay ale, a piece that broke away from the previous polyphonic traditions.

391
Q

according to USAD, i what year did monody first appear?

A

1600

392
Q

what is the italian translation for the word renaissance

A

rebirth

393
Q

in what year did the roman empire fall

A

476AD

394
Q

In what main city of what empire were many ancient greek and roman texts stored after the fall of the roman empire and prior to the renaissance

A

ancient sources were kept in libraries located in the byzantine empire in cities such as constantinople

395
Q

when did the city of constantinople fall

A

1453

396
Q

what is a renaissance man

A

a renaissance an is one who pursues many subjects and fields from art to mathematics. The renaissance an was not necessarily an actual person nit rather an ideal that many strove to emulate

397
Q

which two nations were primarily involved in the hundred years war

A

england and france

398
Q

during which years did the hundred years war take place

A

1337-1453

399
Q

name three of the seven explorers mentioned by USAD whose discoveries helped encourage the economic growth and prosperity of Europe during the renaissance

A

any of the following are correct, vasco da gama of portugal, pedro cabral of portugal, francisoco pizzaro of spain, hernando de soto of spain, juan ponce de leon of spain, amerigo vespucci of italy, and chirstopher columbus of italy.

400
Q

what kind of contour describes the melody of “The Star Spangle Banner?”

A

disjunct

401
Q

Whit kind of contour describes the melody of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat?”

A

conjunct

402
Q

How many flags denote sixteenth notes in rhythmic notation?

A

2

403
Q

How does a half note differ from a quarter note in rhythmic notation?

A

The note head of the half note is not filled in.

404
Q

In rhythmic notation, how does a whole note differ from a half note?

A

The whole note does not have a stem

405
Q

How many eighth notes make up a whole note?

A

8

406
Q

How many sixteenth notes make up a quarter note?

A

4

407
Q

How many sixteenth notes make up a dotted half note?

A

12

408
Q

What rhythmic change is denoted by a small dot next to the head of a note?

A

add half of the note’s original value to itself.

409
Q

How many beats does a dotted whole note contain?

A

6

410
Q

How many beats does a dotted quarter note contain?

A

1.5

411
Q

subito

A

a change executed suddenly

412
Q

poco a poco

A

a change executed gradualy

413
Q

most drums fall under what instrumental classification

A

most drums are membranophones

414
Q

what factors affect the sound of a drum

A

the material and size of the drum and its membrane affect the sound of the drum

415
Q

what type of drum has pitches that can be adjusted using a foot pedal

A

a timpani

416
Q

what type of drum has a 36 inch frame covered with two drumheads

A

an orchestral bass drum

417
Q

what characteristic of the snare drum makes it different than all other drums

A

snare drums have metal snares or string attached to them that vibrate when the drum is hit

418
Q

how do aerophones create sound

A

in aerophones, sound is created by the vibration of a column of air inside the instrument

419
Q

name two instruments that are played by blowing air across the opening of a column

A

flute piccolo or recorder

420
Q

what is a reed

A

a eed is a piece of can wood that is carved and inserted into the mouthpiece of some woodwind instruments. it vibrates as the instrument is played

421
Q

name two single reed instruments

A

clarinet saxophone

422
Q

name two double reed instruments

A

oboe and bassoon

423
Q

what is the difference between the flute and the piccolo

A

the piccolo is smaller than the flute and has a higher range

424
Q

what material is the clarinet made out of

A

african or brazilian blackwood

425
Q

what is another name for the double bass

A

string bass or upright lower

426
Q

how long is the body of a double bass

A

180-200 cn

427
Q

in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a double bass

A

g2, d2, a1, e1

428
Q

how many strings does an orchestral harp

A

47

429
Q

what is the tonal range of a concert harp

A

c1 to g#7

430
Q

why is the piano considered a chordophone

A

the piano is classified as a chordophone bc it creates sound by the vibration of strings which are struck by small hammers

431
Q

what are the 3 classifications of percussion instruments

A

membranophones idiophones and metallophones

432
Q

what is the primary purpose of percussion instruments in most ensembles

A

their function is usually to add to the rhythmic complexity of the piece or to keep the beat rather than to add to the melody or harmony

433
Q

what is the difference between an idiophone and a membranophone

A

membranophones are percussion instrumentes that feature a taut membrane that is struck to create a sound. idiophones are instruments such as shakers that lack a membrane

434
Q

what are at least three examples if pitched bar instruments

A

vibraphone, tubular bells, glockenspiel, xylophone, or marimba

435
Q

what two woods can a bassoon be made form

A

maple or rosewood

436
Q

what is the lowest sounding instrument in the orchestra

A

the contrabassoon, with a range from B 60 to E4

437
Q

what creates sound in brass instruments

A

brass instrument produce sound via the vibration of the players lips against the mouthpiece

438
Q

what is the smallest brass instrument

A

trumpet

439
Q

in what way is the trombone unlike other brass instruments

A

unlike other brass instruments which uses valves to control pitch the trombone uses a long slide

440
Q

what instruments make up the low brass section of an orchestra

A

trombone tuba and sometimes a euphonium and a baritone

441
Q

what sort of aerophones are not played using human lung power

A

pipe organs

442
Q

how many violin sections are there in a traditional orchestral setup

A

two

443
Q

what instruments are included in a standard wind quintet

A

flute oboe clarinet bassoon and horn

444
Q

What symbol denotes a second inversion triad?

A

a 6 and 4 stacked vertically after the chord symbol

445
Q

What TWO scales require an F# in the key signature?

A

G major and E mnor

446
Q

How many key signatures are possible in common practice tonality?

A

12

447
Q

What TWO keys require a Bb in the key signature?

A

F major and D minor

448
Q

What accidentals are required in the key signature of Bb?

A

A Bb and Eb

449
Q

How many keys are possible?

A

24

450
Q

Why are there only a limited number of possible keys?

A

Every key must preserve the sequence of half and whole steps required by the scale.

451
Q

what kind of triad is built on ^7 of a major scale?

A

diminished

452
Q

What symbols are used to describe chords?

A

Roman numerals

453
Q

What TWO chord progressions consist of predominant dominant tonic?

A

Iv_V-I or ii-V-I

454
Q

What harmonic role does the added seventh play in a dominant seventh chord?

A

It exerts an additional pull to the tonic.

455
Q

Modal mixture

A

Altering pitches of the basic triad

456
Q

nonfunctional harmony

A

using chords from common-practice tonality without resolving them

457
Q

what two beats are generally weakest in duple mete?

A

2 and 4

458
Q

what two bears are generally strongest in duple meter

A

1 and 3

459
Q

what separates measures on the staff

A

bar lines

460
Q

what beats of the measure must be aligned for two simultaneous meters to form a polymeter

A

downbeats

461
Q

what name is irregular meter known as

A

asymmetrical meter

462
Q

what name polyrhythm also know by

A

cross rhythm

463
Q

what are the two most common polyrhythms

A

2 against 3 and 3 against 4

464
Q

including root position, how many triad inversions are possible

A

3

465
Q

what symbol denotes a first inversion triad

A

a 6 written after the chord symbol

466
Q

arranging

A

giving instructions to what each individual performance should play based on an existing piece of music

467
Q

which harmonic role corresponds to a seventh chord built from ^7

A

dominant

468
Q

which note of a triad can be omitted without interfering with the harmony

A

the fifth

469
Q

what tradition forms the basis of blues music

A

rural african american oral tradition

470
Q

emotion most characteristic of the blues

A

sadness

471
Q

blue notes

A

flattened, bent, or shaded notes on ^3 ^5 and ^7

472
Q

how can a pianist play blue notes that lie between piano keys

A

using crushed notes by playing two adjacent notes at once

473
Q

why is western notation unable to capture the nuances of the blues

A

much of blues is improvisational

474
Q

at which part of the form does a line of blue lyrics generally end

A

midway through a four bar section

475
Q

ring shout

A

a slavery era religious tradition involving improvisation, call and response, and movement

476
Q

which two cultural contexts did the ring shout combine

A

african and american

Art - Music - Economics (34 decks)

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