muscuskeletal system/challenges Flashcards
what are bones
Structure covered by membrane called periosteum
have bone marrow and blood vessels inside
functions of bones
frame for body
give shape
allow movement
protect internal structures
produce blood cells
store calcium and phosphorus
5 types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
long bones definition
hard and dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility (humerus, radius, femur)
short bones definition
allow skill and ease in movements (wrist and ankle bones)
flat bones definition
thin, flat and curved bones that protect organs (sternum, skull, ribs)
irregular bones definition
oddly shaped with various bony projections that interact with other bones, provide sites for muscle attachment (spinal vertebrae)
sesamoid bones definition
usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon and protect it (patella/kneecap)
features of joints
where two or more bones meet
cartilage cushions the joint
synovial membrane secrets fluid to lubricate the joint
ligaments hold together joint
list 6 types of synovial joints
ball and socket
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
gliding
3 types of muscle cells
striated/skeletal or voluntary
smooth or involuntary
cardiac or involuntary
functions of muscles
allow movement
maintain posture
produce heat (shivering)
3 major types of joints
fibrous or immoveable
cartilaginous or slightly moveable
synovial or freely moveable
ligaments definition
strong bands of connective tissue connecting bones
tendons definition
strong, tough connective tissue connecting bone to muscle
cartilage definition
connective tissue that cushions joints
synovial membrane definition
lines freely moveable joints, secret fluid that lubricates
normal findings of the musculoskeletal system
muscle strength
ROM
fine movements
maintain posture
maintain balance
flexibility
factors influencing mobility
illness
pain
motivation
education
environment
culture
lifestyle
injury
effects of immobility
deconditioning
contractures
muscle atrophy
orthostatic hypotension
foot drop definition
permanent dorsiflexion, the foot is stuck extended down
age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system
strength decreases
bones become brittle, break easily
joints stiffen and become painful
height gradually decreases
mobility therefore decreases
factors of falls
mechanical/environmental:
improper use of equipment, poorly fitting shoes, cluttered room, spills
client:
decreased senses, conditioned, cognitive impairment
caregiver:
not giving call bells, missing safety checks, body mechanics, trying to save resident, missing walking aids
what to do when client falls
help lower to ground is possible
dont catch them
stay with them
call for help
features of fractures
bone is broken and surrounding tissues are also damaged
open and closed (bone poking out or not)
look for bent/out of position, pain, swelling, loss of function, protruding bone, bruising
features of hip fractures
common in older adults mostly women
shortening of limb or out of position
lead to post-operative complications (catching illness, pressure ulcers)
mortality is at risk from these
amputation definition
traumatic (accidental) or surgical
phantom pain is common
may have prosthesis
assess skin for friction, pressure, moisture
osteoporosis definition
bones become more porous/hollow, brittle, and fracture easily
common in spine, hips, wrists
caused by lack of estrogen (women), calcium, vitamin d, exercise, and smoking
can prescribe estrogen, get braces, strength training exercises, walking aids
arthritis definition
loss of joint function or inflammation
100+ different types
some affect connective tissue, can have systematic affects
cause is unknown
osteoarthritis definition
cartilage wears away, decreased cushioning meaning bones rub together
may see bone spurs, thickening grown on bone
affects weight-bearing joints
no cure, most common type, common in overweight people
rheumatoid arthritis definition
autoimmune disease
normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue leading to deformities
onset and progressive
severe inflammation
caring activities for arthritis
positioning
ice/heat
medications
weight loss
aids
comfort
safety
Contractures
Lack of joint mobility from abnormal shortening of muscle
Deconditioning
Loss of muscle size, strength, and function (or muscle atrophy) from inactivity
Muscle atrophy
Decrease in size or wasting away of muscle
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow
serious bone infection
acute or chronic
When bacteria/fungi spread to bone through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery
