muscuskeletal system/challenges

Question 1

what are bones

Answer 1

Structure covered by membrane called periosteum
have bone marrow and blood vessels inside

Question 2

functions of bones

Answer 2

frame for body
give shape
allow movement
protect internal structures
produce blood cells
store calcium and phosphorus

Question 3

5 types of bones

Answer 3

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones

Question 4

long bones definition

Answer 4

hard and dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility (humerus, radius, femur)

Question 5

short bones definition

Answer 5

allow skill and ease in movements (wrist and ankle bones)

Question 6

flat bones definition

Answer 6

thin, flat and curved bones that protect organs (sternum, skull, ribs)

Question 7

irregular bones definition

Answer 7

oddly shaped with various bony projections that interact with other bones, provide sites for muscle attachment (spinal vertebrae)

Question 8

sesamoid bones definition

Answer 8

usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon and protect it (patella/kneecap)

Question 9

features of joints

Answer 9

where two or more bones meet
cartilage cushions the joint
synovial membrane secrets fluid to lubricate the joint
ligaments hold together joint

Question 10

list 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 10

ball and socket
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
gliding

Question 11

3 types of muscle cells

Answer 11

striated/skeletal or voluntary
smooth or involuntary
cardiac or involuntary

Question 12

functions of muscles

Answer 12

allow movement
maintain posture
produce heat (shivering)

Question 13

3 major types of joints

Answer 13

fibrous or immoveable
cartilaginous or slightly moveable
synovial or freely moveable

Question 14

ligaments definition

Answer 14

strong bands of connective tissue connecting bones

Question 15

tendons definition

Answer 15

strong, tough connective tissue connecting bone to muscle

Question 16

cartilage definition

Answer 16

connective tissue that cushions joints

Question 17

synovial membrane definition

Answer 17

lines freely moveable joints, secret fluid that lubricates

Question 18

normal findings of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 18

muscle strength
ROM
fine movements
maintain posture
maintain balance
flexibility

Question 19

factors influencing mobility

Answer 19

illness
pain
motivation
education
environment
culture
lifestyle
injury

Question 20

effects of immobility

Answer 20

deconditioning
contractures
muscle atrophy
orthostatic hypotension

Question 21

foot drop definition

Answer 21

permanent dorsiflexion, the foot is stuck extended down

Question 22

age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system

Answer 22

strength decreases
bones become brittle, break easily
joints stiffen and become painful
height gradually decreases
mobility therefore decreases

Question 23

factors of falls

Answer 23

mechanical/environmental:
improper use of equipment, poorly fitting shoes, cluttered room, spills
client:
decreased senses, conditioned, cognitive impairment
caregiver:
not giving call bells, missing safety checks, body mechanics, trying to save resident, missing walking aids

Question 24

what to do when client falls

Answer 24

help lower to ground is possible
dont catch them
stay with them
call for help

Question 25

features of fractures

Answer 25

bone is broken and surrounding tissues are also damaged
open and closed (bone poking out or not)
look for bent/out of position, pain, swelling, loss of function, protruding bone, bruising

Question 26

features of hip fractures

Answer 26

common in older adults mostly women
shortening of limb or out of position
lead to post-operative complications (catching illness, pressure ulcers)
mortality is at risk from these

Question 27

amputation definition

Answer 27

traumatic (accidental) or surgical
phantom pain is common
may have prosthesis
assess skin for friction, pressure, moisture

Question 28

osteoporosis definition

Answer 28

bones become more porous/hollow, brittle, and fracture easily
common in spine, hips, wrists
caused by lack of estrogen (women), calcium, vitamin d, exercise, and smoking
can prescribe estrogen, get braces, strength training exercises, walking aids

Question 29

arthritis definition

Answer 29

loss of joint function or inflammation
100+ different types
some affect connective tissue, can have systematic affects
cause is unknown

Question 30

osteoarthritis definition

Answer 30

cartilage wears away, decreased cushioning meaning bones rub together
may see bone spurs, thickening grown on bone
affects weight-bearing joints
no cure, most common type, common in overweight people

Question 31

rheumatoid arthritis definition

Answer 31

autoimmune disease
normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue leading to deformities
onset and progressive
severe inflammation

Question 32

caring activities for arthritis

Answer 32

positioning
ice/heat
medications
weight loss
aids
comfort
safety

Question 33

Contractures

Answer 33

Lack of joint mobility from abnormal shortening of muscle

Question 34

Deconditioning

Answer 34

Loss of muscle size, strength, and function (or muscle atrophy) from inactivity

Question 35

Muscle atrophy

Answer 35

Decrease in size or wasting away of muscle

Question 36

Osteomyelitis

Answer 36

Inflammation of the bone marrow
serious bone infection
acute or chronic
When bacteria/fungi spread to bone through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery