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1140 > muscuskeletal system/challenges > Flashcards

muscuskeletal system/challenges Flashcards

1
Q

what are bones

A

made up living cells
covered by periosteum (membrane)
have bone marrow inside
have blood vessels

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2
Q

functions of bones

A

frame for body
give shape
allow movement
protect internal structures
produce blood cells
store calcium and phosphorus

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3
Q

5 types of bones

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones

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4
Q

long bones definition

A

hard and dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility (humerus, radius, femur)

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5
Q

short bones definition

A

allow skill and ease in movements (wrist and ankle bones)

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6
Q

flat bones definition

A

thin, flat and curved bones that protect organs (sternum, skull, ribs)

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7
Q

irregular bones definition

A

oddly shaped with various bony projections and features that interact with other bones, provide sites for muscle attachment (coxal/hips, spinal vertebrae)

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8
Q

sesamoid bones definition

A

usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon and protect it (patella/kneecap)

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9
Q

features of joints

A

where two or more bones meet
cartilage cushions the joint
synovial membrane secrets fluid to lubricate the joint
ligaments hold together joint

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10
Q

list 6 types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
gliding

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11
Q

ball and socket joint definition

A

rounded end of bone sits in a hollow cavity of another bone, allows movement in all directions (hips and shoulders)

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12
Q

hinge joint definition

A

allows movement in one direction around a single axis (elbows, knees, fingers)

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13
Q

pivot joint definition

A

rounded projection of a bone fitting into a depression on another, allows side-to-side movement (skull to spine)

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14
Q

saddle joint definition

A

allows for a wide range of motion between two articulating bones (thumb)

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15
Q

gliding joint definition

A

joint between two flat bones that glide past one another along the plane of the joint (wrist and ankle)

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16
Q

condyloid joint definition

A

formed when the oval articular surface of a bone fits into the depression of the second articulating bone (wrist and knuckles)

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17
Q

What are muscles composed of

A

3 types of muscle cells:
striated/skeletal or voluntary
smooth or involuntary
cardiac or involuntary

18
Q

functions of muscles

A

allow movement
maintain posture
produce heat (shivering)

19
Q

3 major types of joints

A

fibrous or immoveable
cartilaginous or slightly moveable
synovial or freely moveable

20
Q

ligaments definition

A

strong bands of connective tissue connecting bones

21
Q

tendons definition

A

strong, tough connective tissue connecting bone to muscle

22
Q

cartilage definition

A

connective tissue that cushions joints

23
Q

synovial membrane definition

A

lines freely moveable joints, secret fluid that lubricates

24
Q

mobility vs exercise definition

A

m: ability to perform any movement
e: goal or plan to move, can be measured

25
Q

normal findings of the musculoskeletal system

A

muscle strength
ROM
fine movements
maintain posture
maintain balance
flexibility

26
Q

factors influencing mobility

A

illness
pain
motivation
education
environment
culture
lifestyle
injury

27
Q

effects of immobility

A

deconditioning
contractures
muscle atrophy
orthostatic hypotension

28
Q

foot drop definition

A

permanent dorsiflexion, the foot is stuck extended down

29
Q

age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system

A

strength decreases
bones become brittle, break easily
joints stiffen and become painful
height gradually decreases
mobility therefore decreases

30
Q

factors of falls

A

mechanical/environmental:
improper use of equipment, poorly fitting shoes, cluttered room, spills
client:
decreased senses, conditioned, cognitive impairment
caregiver:
not giving call bells, missing safety checks, body mechanics, trying to save resident, missing walking aids

31
Q

what to do when client falls

A

help lower to ground is possible
dont catch them
stay with them
call for help

32
Q

features of fractures

A

bone is broken and surrounding tissues are also damaged
open and closed (bone poking out or not)
look for bent/out of position, pain, swelling, loss of function, protruding bone, bruising

33
Q

features of hip fractures

A

common in older adults mostly women
shortening of limb or out of position
lead to post-operative complications (catching illness, pressure ulcers)
mortality is at risk from these

34
Q

amputation definition

A

traumatic (accidental) or surgical
phantom pain is common
may have prosthesis
assess skin for friction, pressure, moisture

35
Q

osteoporosis definition

A

bones become more porous/hollow, brittle, and fracture easily
common in spine, hips, wrists
caused by lack of estrogen (women), calcium, vitamin d, exercise, and smoking
can prescribe estrogen, get braces, strength training exercises, walking aids

36
Q

arthritis definition

A

loss of joint function or inflammation
100+ different types
some affect connective tissue, can have systematic affects
cause is unknown

37
Q

osteoarthritis definition

A

cartilage wears away, decreased cushioning meaning bones rub together
may see bone spurs, thickening grown on bone
affects weight-bearing joints
no cure, most common type, common in overweight people

38
Q

rheumatoid arthritis definition

A

autoimmune disease
normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue leading to deformities
onset and progressive
severe inflammation

39
Q

osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

A

osteo:
weight bearing joints
worse later in day
can affect isolated/any joints
pain and stiffness with inactivity/cold
rheu:
connective tissues in body
worse in morning
bilateral, goes to small joints, big joints, then organs
pain, fever, fatigue

40
Q

caring activities for arthritis

A

positioning
ice/heat
medications
weight loss
aids
comfort
safety

1140 (7 decks)

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