Musculoskeletal Trauma Flashcards
Common Sports Injuries
concussions
muscle cramps
ACL injuries
ankle sprains
shin splints
fractures
dislocations labral tears
stress fractures
tendinitis
cartilage damage
What is strain?
tearing/pulling of muscle or tendon
can be the same as tendinitis
three levels of grading
What is a sprain?
tearing or pulling of a ligament
What is a dislocation?
when bone articulations pop out of place
the bigger the joint, the more urgent the reduction
usually debilitation and an emergency
loss of blood supply - risk for avascular necrosis
How do you treat a knee dislocation?
closed reduction
splinting
neurovascular check
**risk of nerve and arterial damage
What is a closed fracture vs. an open fracture?
in a closed fracture, the skin is intact
in an open fracture the skin is violated and there is a risk of infection and occult tissue damage
What is reduction?
lining up a fracture/joint and putting it back in place
What is closed reduction vs. open reduction?
closed reduction is simply pulling hard
open reduction is making an incision and exposing the bone
What are the types of fixation?
none - let the body heal itself through a sling, brace, splint, or cast
external - exertnal fixation using an external device to ensure a bone doesn’t bend, if there are soft tissue injuries and unstable patients
internal fixation - stabilization by placing the device inside the tissue: plate/screw constructs, intramedullary nail/rod, plate/screw construct
What is ORIF?
open reduction internal fixation - an operation inorthopedics that involves the surgical implementation ofimplants for the purpose of repairing abone
What are the open fracture treatments?
irrigation, debridement, and fixation
irrigation
diluting bacteria
debridement
get rid of necrotic tissue
Why are open fractures treated with irrigation, debridement, and fixation?
reduce infection risk
explore wound
debride necrotic tissue
What is compartment syndrome?
limb and life threatening
increased pressure in an enclosed compartment (arm, leg, belly)
pressure not released -> ischemia -> permanent tissue damage
What is the etiology of compartment syndrome?
injury -> inflammation/edema
fracture
vascular injury
crush
snake bite
burns
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy - opening up an entire anatomic compartment and release the pressure
What is the presentation of compartment syndrome?
pain out of proportion to injury, in compartment on passive stretching of toes or fingers
pallor
paralysis
pulselessness
parasthesias
compartment is rock-hard, tense, and swollen
**you’re too late if you see all 5
What is the ischemial threshold of normal muscle?
20 mmHg below diastolic BP
30 mmHg below mean arterial pressure
What is the result of missed compartment syndrome?
muscle death
permanent nerve damage
contractures
deformities
ulcerations
amputation
What is a pathologic fracture?
fracture through abnormal bone
usually from metastatic disease
What are the common locations for new metastatic bone disease?
breast
lungs
thyroid
kidney (renal)
prostate
What is the MOST common distribution of metastatic bone disease?
spine is the MOST common
