Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PM3B: Autumn > Musculoskeletal Therapeutics > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the musculoskeletal system

A 
Bones 
Cartilage and other connective tissue
Ligaments
Tendons
Joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does arthritis normally occur

A

Women over 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does bone loss start to occur

A

30 years onwards

Accelerated in post menopausal women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when the joints starts to stiffen

A

Ligaments and tendons become more rigid

Cartilage thins (increased friction wear and tear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does muscle loss start to occur

A

Progressively 30 years onwards (sarcopenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three types of pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders and describe them

A

Bone pain- trauma, infection, cancer- deep penetration or dull pain

Muscle pain- trauma, inflammation, cramp or spasm- often less intense than bone pain but unpleasant

Other joint and tendon/ligament pain- trauma, sprains, arthritis- stiff dull ache, less intense than bone pain, worse when move or stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are other symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders other than pain

A

Swelling

Inflammation

Brusing

Loss of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you diagnose musculoskeletal disorders

A

Observation of gait (persons walking) or patient movement

Pain with movement, rest, night or any trauma

Physical examination of swelling, bruising, tenderness or heat

Blood tests (biomarkers, inflammatory markers)

X rays, computed tomography, CT scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the bone provide support

A

Framework for attachment of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the bone provide protection

A

Protects internal organs from injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the bone provide movement

A

Any body movement as bone acts as levers and points for muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the bone provide mineral storage

A

Reservoir for 99% calcium and 95% phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the bone provide haematopoiesis

A

Certain bones consist of bone marrow that is essential for production of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the bone provide energy storage

A

Certain bones consist of fats and lipids (yellow marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the compact/cortical bone made of

A

Hard dense outer layer bone made of:

Proteins- collagen 95%, proteoglycans 1/3 of bone mass

Hydroxyapatite- calcium phosphate 2/3 of bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the trabeculae do in bone

A

Aligns along positions of stress and exhibit extensive cross bracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the bone normally made out of

A

Compact cortical bone

Spongy, cancellous, trabeculae bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When do bones remodel in adults

A

Trauma (fractures)

Stress- weight bearing exercise

Metabolic changes- replenishment of calcium storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do you need the perfect balance of in bone

A

Bone formation

Bone breakdown

20
Q

What are the three main cell types involved in bone

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

21
Q

What do osteoblasts do and where are they found

A

Form new bone (Blast build bone)

Synthesise and secrete collagen and other organic components of bone matrix

Initiates calcification

Located in bone membranes- periosteum and endosteum

22
Q

What do osteocytes do and where are they found

A

Maintain bone, not by synthesising new bone but regulation of mineral ion exchange

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix- if osteocytes die, surrounding bone does too

Connect to other osteocytes and bone surface via canaliculi

23
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A

Removal of deteriorating bone or unnecessary new bone (CLASTS chew bone

Large multinucleated cells

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of osteoclasts

A

Secretion of hydrogen ions to dissolve mineral matrix and hydrolytic enzymes (collagenase) to degrade other bone components

25
Q

What is a fracture

A

Break in a bone, commonly associated with injury surrounding tissues

26
Q

What are the underlaying conditions that can cause a fracture

A

Osteoporosis, infections or bone tumours

27
Q

What are the common symptoms that can occur in a fracture

A 
Pain
Loss of function
Deformity
Crepitus (grating, popping, cracking)
Bleeding- occur from bone or surrounding tissue
28
Q

When does haematoma occur and what can it do to the bone

A

Fracture disrupts blood vessels that supply bone and causes extensive bleeding

Lack of blood supply- bone death

29
Q

Describe the fracture repair inflammatory phase

A

Callus formation:
Granulation tissue form

Debris is cleared by macrophages

Revascularisation occurs:

Fibroblasts produce collagen that spans break

Chondroblasts begin to secrete cartilage matrix

Osteoblasts form spongy bone

30
Q

Describe the bony callus formation in the fracture repair phase

A

Bone trabeculae increase in number

Fibrocartaginous callus is converted into bony callus of spongy bone (cartilage into bone)

Lasts 6-8 weeks

31
Q

Describe the bone remodelling in fracture repair remodelling phase

A

Bone structure is restored

Osteoclasts- remove temporary supportive structures

Osteoblasts- rebuild compact bone

32
Q

Describe how you treat bone fractures

A

Immobilise and support limb- elevate and ice

Pain relief

Open fractures- immediate surgery to clean and close wound

Closed fractures- less urgent- treatment of pain only

Immobilisation with cast or insertion of rods, plates

33
Q

How do you live with a cast

A

Keep it dry

Do not itch

Make sure skin is not smelly, red or sore

Elevate regularly to reduce swelling risk

34
Q

What is compartment syndrome

A

Limb threatening condition that occurs when fibrous membrane prevents expansion of swollen muscle and pressure builds within muscle

Pressure restricts blood flow leading to hypoxia, injury of muscle and muscle death

Symptoms: increasing pain in immobilised limb after fracture

35
Q

How do you treat compartment syndrome

A

Surgery to relieve pressure in constricted tissue

Muscle and nerves dead may mean amputation is necessary

36
Q

What is pulmonary embolism and its symptoms

A

Sudden blockage of artery in lung by blood clot, occurs after serious hip and pelvic fractures

Chest pain, cough, shortness of breath

37
Q

How do you prevent risk of pulmonary embolism

A

Heparin and warfarin given to reduce occurrence of blood clots

38
Q

What is a joint and what does it consist of

A

Junction between two or more bones

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid and membrane- cushion between bones
Stabilising ligaments

39
Q

What is the knee joint consist of

A

Meniscus- cushion of cartilage bone that ensures even distribution of body weight

Bursa- fluid filled sac that cushions bone and tendon

Patella- protection of joint

Ligaments- provides stability whilst allowing range of movement

40
Q

What does the ligament consist of and its role

A

Tough fibrous cords of connective tissue (collagen and elastin fibres), stabilise and strengthen joints

Connects one bone to another

41
Q

What does the tendon consist of and its role

A

Tough bands of connective tissue (collagen)

Attachment of muscle to bone

Connected via sheath and lubricated to allow movement without friction

42
Q

Describe what skeletal muscle is

A

Bundles of contractile fibres that are responsible for movement and posture

attached to bones and in opposing groups- limits risk of damage and smoothness of muscle

Size and strength of muscles- increase and decrease depending on workload

43
Q

What is the satellite cell responsible for

A

Post natal growth, repair and maintenance of skeletal muscle

44
Q

What are common sporting injuries and explain them

A

Strain- damaged torn muscle

Sprain- damaged torn ligaments

Tendinitis- inflammation of tendons

Stress fractures of foot

Shin splits

45
Q

How do you treat sporting injuries (RICE)

A

Rest- minimises internal bleeding and swelling

ICE_ reduces pain and inflammation

COMPRESSION- reduces swelling and further injury

ELEVATION- reduced swelling

46
Q

What is the main drug of use in sporting injuries

A

NSAIDs

PM3B: Autumn (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions