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PM3B: Autumn > Diabetes Lecture 1: Type 1 Diabetes: > Flashcards

Diabetes Lecture 1: Type 1 Diabetes: Flashcards

1
Q

What does GLUTS (glucose transporters do)

A

Facilitate glucose uptake into tissues

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2
Q

What should the typical glucose levels be maintained at

A

3 to 8 mM

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3
Q

What happens after the body eats a meal

A

Increased uptake of glucose into liver and pancreas through low affinity transporter- GLUT-2

Increased uptake of glucose into some tissues (muscle and adipose) following activation of insulin dependent GLUT-4

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4
Q

What does a low Km and high Km value represent

A

Low Km= high affinity

High Km= low affinity

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5
Q

What is the role of the pancreas

A

Secretion of insulin and glucagon to regulate glucose levels

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6
Q

What do the alpha and beta cells do

A

Alpha: secretion of glucagon

Beta: secretion of insulin

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7
Q

If there is low glucose, how does the body react

A

Glucagon secretion

Increase catabolic pathways 
Increase Glycogenolysis (muscle and liver) 
Increase Gluconeogenesis (liver and all tissues) 
Increase lipolysis (adipose tissue) 
Inhibit glycolysis (liver)

Inhibit anabolic pathways- glycogen synthesis and lipid synthesis

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8
Q

If there is high glucose, how does the body react

A

Insulin secretion

Increase anabolic pathways
Increase fatty acid synthesis (liver, adipose tissue)
Increase glycogen synthesis (liver, muscle)
Inhibition of catabolic pathway- gluconeogenesis, lipolysis (muscle, liver, adipose tissue)

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9
Q

What is diabetes mellitus and how does it arise

A

A common group of metabolic disorders, characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia

Arises from insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both

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10
Q

What is type 1 diabetes definition

A

A polygenic disorder characterised by immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells that leads to complete insulin deficiency

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11
Q

What is type 2 diabetes definition

A

A polygenic disorder characterised by decrease in beta cell mass, leading to a reduction in secretion and peripheral insulin resistance

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12
Q

What are the non modifiable risk factors of diabetes

A

Family history (increased if mother, father or sibling have it)

Ethnicity
Type 1:
more common in northern european countries

Type 2:
South asian
African or afrocaribbeans
Chinese

Age:
Over 40 more likely to develop type 2 diabetes or 25 if black or asian

Medical conditions:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Gestational diabetes
Impaired glucose tolerance

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13
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for diabetes

A

Weight- type 2 only

Increased waist circumference

Sedentary life style (type 2)

Social deprivation and low income

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

2-4 history of thirst

Polyuria

Weight loss

Lethargy

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

History of thirst

Polyuria

Weight loss

Lethargy

Visual disturbances

Infections

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetes

A

Glycosuria- glucose in urine

Hyperglycaemia
More or equal to 11mmol/l (random plasma glucose)
More or equal to 7mmol/l (fasted plasma glucose)

Impaired glucose tolerance
Excludes certain medications, obesity, liver disease

Complications of diabetes

17
Q

What are the physiological basis for blood glucose levels being elevated in diabetes, explain in detail

A

Water drawn from interstitial spaces into the circulation to decrease blood osmolarity

Increase in blood volume is countered by increased urinary output

When reabsorptive capacity of renal tubes is exceeded, there is an increased osmotic pressure in tubules (reduced glucose and water reabsorption)

Therefore fluid and electrolyte losses result from polyuria which stimulates thirst

18
Q

What are the physiological basis for fluid loss leading to dehydration and weight loss in diabetes, explain in detail

A

No insulin means cells cannot absorb glucose from blood- must use other sources like glycogen fats and proteins

Breakdown of fat and muscle leads to weight loss

Using fat sources leads to production of ketone bodies- can increase blood acidity known as KETOACIDOSIS

19
Q

Why do diabetic patients have a reduced life expectancy and mortality rate

A

Increased cardiovascular disease

Increase renal failure

Increased morbidity and increased risk of blindness

20
Q

When diagnosing diabetes, what is a good indicator with the HbA1c levels of diabetes

A

HbA1c level of more than or equal to 6.5% (48mmol/mol)

21
Q

What is considered normal and impaired fasting blood glucose level

A

Normal: 2-6 mmol/L

Impaired: 6-7 mmol/L

22
Q

How do you measure oral glucose tolerance testing

A

Fasting over night (12 hours, water only), a fasting blood glucose reading is taken

Glucose solution consumed
(75g of oral glucose in 250 to 300mL) within 5 minutes

Blood glucose levels measured at 120 minutes after consumption of glucose

23
Q

Why is HbA1c level a good indicator

A

Exposing red blood cells to glucose results in them becoming irreversibly glycated

Therefore can be used to estimate average glucose levels

24
Q

What is the evidence showing that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune response

A

Association of type 1 with other autoimmune disorders (coeliac disease)

Evidence of chronic inflammation in cells and macrophages in islets of newly diagnosed patients

Detection of circulating auto-antibodies before disease onset

  • anti-insulin
  • anti-islet antibodies
25
Q

What are the treatment goals

A

Preserve life

Achieve good glycemic control which avoids long term complications

Avoid iatrogenic side effects (hypoglycaemia)

Alleviate symptoms

26
Q

How do you manage type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin replacement

Dietary modification

Exercise

Education

Monitoring

Psychosocial support

27
Q

What should the diabetic diet contain

A

Less fat and saturated fats

Low in simple sugars

High in fibre

28
Q

How should you treat a type 1 diabetic patient

A

Provide insulin replacement in a way that mimics insulin secretion pattern seen in normal people- released at slow basal rate all date

Eat meal, rises rapidly before dropping after 2 hours

29
Q

What are the complications of type 1 diabetic patients

A

Patient can experience partial remission phase- only requires low levels of insulin for good maintenance of glycemic control

Hypoglycaemia

Lipohypertrophy- accumulation of fat at injection sites due to local insulin effects

Insulin allergy

30
Q

How do you monitor a type 1 diabetic patient

A

Can monitor capillary blood glucose levels before and/or 2 hours after meals after exercise

Monitor long term glycemic control (doctor led HbA1c levels)

Monitor risk of developing long term complications:
regular eye screening for retinopathy
Cardiovascular disease screening
Diet

PM3B: Autumn (19 decks)

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