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PM3B: Autumn > Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Regulatory centre for many vital functions that receives nerve fibres from all areas of the brain

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2
Q

What are the different hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate different endocrine cell types and produced by the anterior pituitary? (7 different ones)

A
  1. PRH (hypothalamic tropic hormone)
  2. PIH (dopamine)
  3. TRH
  4. CRH
  5. GHRH
  6. GHIH (Somatostatin)
  7. GnRH (Gonadotrophin)
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3
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

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4
Q

What does PIH (dopamine) release and what does the product do

A

Produces TSH which stimulates thyroid gland to produce TH

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5
Q

What does TRH release and what does the product do

A

Produces ACTH which stimulates adrenal context to produce cortisol

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6
Q

What does GHRH and GHIH somatostatin release and what does that product do?

A

Release growth hormone that stimulates somatomedin from liver and cells throughout the body

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7
Q

What does GnRH release and what does the product do?

A

Release LH for gonads (androgen male) and FSH (oestrogen- female)

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8
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates mammary gland development and production of milk

Also suppresses LH and FSH production

Maintains lactation

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9
Q

How is prolactin activated

A

Sleep sucking stimulus

Hypothalamus releases TRH (cortisol) and dopamine (somatostatin)- increased oestrogen levels

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10
Q

Explain the process of Hypothalamic Pituitary Testicular Axis

A
  1. Hypothalamus Releases GnRH
  2. Acts on anterior pituritary to release FHS and LH from gonadotrophin
  3. FSH stimulates sperm production
  4. LH produces testosterone- negative feedback loop on GnRH and LH secretion
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11
Q

Explain the process of Hypothalamic Pituritary (H-P) ovary axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus Releases GnRH
  2. Acts on anterior pituritary to release FHS and LH from gonadotrophin
  3. FSH stimulates OVARIES- further development of ovarian follies and secretion of oestrogen, progesterone and inhibins
  4. LH stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum- secretion of progesterone, oestrogen’s and inhibin
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12
Q

Explain the process of the HPT axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus Releases Thyroid Hormone
  2. TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) stimulates anterior pituitary
  3. Releases TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)- negative feedback loop to hypothalamus is made
  4. Thyroid produced into T3 and T4 which has a negative feedback loop to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
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13
Q

What are the bodies direct response to growth hormone

A

Antagonistic effects to insulin

Reduce glucose transport into cells

Increase Lipolysis

Increased amino acid transport into tissue to maximise muscle growth, decrease plasma amino acid, urea

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14
Q

What does IGF (insulin growth factor) promote?

A

Linear growth of bones- stimulates cartilage growth plates

Growth/cell proliferation of soft tissues and viscera

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15
Q

What are the three disorders of GH secretion and explain them?

A

Hypopituritaryism- too little GH in childhood- dwarfism

GH secreting pituritary tumour-
excess GH leading to giantism in child

excess GH leading to acromegaly in adult (thickening of bones and soft tissue)

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16
Q

How do you treat disorders of GH secretion

A

Hypopituritaryism- replacement therapy with human growth hormone

Excess GH-
surgical removal of pituritary and/or somatostatin analogues
Use GH receptor antagonists

17
Q

What are the three hormones excreted by the adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Aldosterone

18
Q

Adrenaline use?

A

Secretion in response to stress and exercise to increase the heart rate

19
Q

Cortisol use?

A

Essential for adapting to stress, mobilises glucose and has anti-inflammatory action

20
Q

Aldosterone use?

A

Maintains balance of sodium and potassium use in blood

21
Q

Describe the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus: corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH)
  2. Anterior Pituitary: stimulates release of corticotropin
  3. Corticotropin stimulates release of cortisol by adrenal cortex

(steroid meds inhibit this axis)

22
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome?

A

Cortisol over production

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing Syndrome

A 
Central obesity
Thickening of skin
Bruising (capillary fragility) 
Hypertension (aldosterone production)
Muscle/bone wasting
24
Q

What is addison’s disease

A

lack of adrenal hormones- aka cortisol

25
Q

How do you treat addison disease?

A

Administration of mineralocorticoids or hydrocortisone to replace cortisol

26
Q

What is the role of vasopressin (ADH)?

A

Reduces the water excretion by the kidney and acts as a potent vasoconstrictor to increase the osmotic pressure of blood

27
Q

What does ADH do to the renal nephron

A

Increased permeability of renal distal convoluted tubule and collect ducts to water

More water is reabsorbed from tubule

Reduced urine output

Restoration of blood osmolarity and volume

28
Q

How do you treat hypo secretion of ADH?

A

Replacement with desmopressin given as nasal spray or injection (IV, SC, IM)

PM3B: Autumn (19 decks)

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