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Foundation to Bioscience 2 > Musculoskeletal system and movement > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system and movement Flashcards

1
Q

What’s involved in the muscular system?

A

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

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2
Q

What’s involved in the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Joints

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3
Q

What the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, storage, haematopoeisis

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4
Q

Name the five classifications of bone

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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5
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Bones in the thigh and arm

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6
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Bones in the wrist and foot

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7
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

Bones in the skull vault

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8
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

The pelvis

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9
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

The patella

Sesamoid bones are bones that are found in tendons

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10
Q

What’s the name of the solid outer layer of bone?

A

Compact or cortical bone

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11
Q

What’s the name of the internal region of bone?

A

Trabecular or spongy or cancellous bone.

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12
Q

Why does the spongy bone have a honeycomb like structure?

A

It means that bones remain relatively light

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13
Q

What can the skeleton be split up into?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleten

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14
Q

List the components of the axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Body thorax

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15
Q

List the components of the appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

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16
Q

Name the two regions of the skull

A

Viscerocranium (skeleton of the face)

Neurocranium (skeleton of the head and cranial vault)

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17
Q

Functions of the skull

A

Entry of food and oxygen into the body
Protects brain
Supports organs of special senses

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18
Q

Name the five regions of the vertebral column

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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19
Q

How many vertebrae do mammals have in their neck?

A
  1. They are just bigger or smaller depending on the mammal.
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20
Q

What does the body thorax consist of?

A

Ribs and sternum

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21
Q

What are the functions of the body thorax?

A

Muscle attachment
Protects thoracic organs
Respiration

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22
Q

Main function of the appendicular skeleton

A

Main contributors to locomotions

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23
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapula and the clavicle

24
Q

What are some of the adaptations of the pectoral girdle?

A

The clavicle is missing in large herbivores to permit grazing and is fibrous in cats to help distribute forces associated with pouncing and landing

25
Q

What’s the main bone in the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvis

26
Q

What are the main functions of the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvic girdle provides the socket for the ball and socket joint of the hip (at the acetabulum). It is also adapted for childbearing / reproduction

27
Q

Describe the arrangement of bones in mammalian limbs

A

One proximal bone, then two in the forearm/leg, and then a combination of short and long bones forming a hand/foot

28
Q

Plantigrade locomotion

A

Plantigrade locomotion means walking with the toes and metatarsals flat on the ground, e.g. humans, bears

29
Q

Digitigrade locomotion

A

Digitigrade locomotion means walking on the toes with the heel and wrist permanently raised e.g. cats, dogs

30
Q

Unguligrade locomotion

A

Unguligrade locomotion means walking on the nail or nails of the toes (the hoof) with the heel/wrist and the digits permanently raised. e.g. pigs, horses

31
Q

Define the term ‘hematopoiesis’

A

The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

32
Q

Name the different types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

33
Q

Briefly describe fibrous joints

A

They are fixed, with no joint cavity. The bones are connected by dense connective tissue

34
Q

Give an example of a fibrous solid joint

A

Joint of fibula and tibia

35
Q

Briefly describe cartilaginous joints

A

Again, they don’t have a joint cavity, but there is slight mobility. This is because the bones are connected by cartilage.

36
Q

Give an example of a cartiliganous joint

A

manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the sternum)

37
Q

Briefly describe synovial joints

A

There’s a joint cavity, allowing the joint to be mobile. The bones are connected by ligaments surrounding the joint capsule

38
Q

Give examples of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket joints

Hinge joints

39
Q

List the functions of the muscular system

A

Body movement
Posture
Production of body heat
Vital functions

40
Q

How do muscles attach to bones?

A

Tendons and dense regular connective tissue

41
Q

Where is most of the skeletal muscle tissue found?

A

In the muscle belly

42
Q

Briefly describe tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone
Rich in collagen
Can be cylindrical or flat

43
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A flat sheet or ribbon of tendon-like material that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle moves. The aponeurosis is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, and bundles of collagenous fibres in ordered arrays.

44
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

They connect bone to bone, which stabilises joints

45
Q

Different shapes of muscles

A

There are a number of different muscle shapes within the body including circular, convergent, parallel, pennate and fusiform

46
Q

What happens to the length of a muscle as it contracts?

A

As a muscle contracts it gets shorter

47
Q

What does a muscle need to attach to in order to move a joint?

A

For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of the joint

48
Q

What do antagonist muscles when the prime movers contract?

A

They relax

49
Q

What are prime movers?

A

They cause the movement to occur. They create the normal range of movement in a joint by contracting.

50
Q

What do antagonist muscles do?

A

These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.

51
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

These contractions involve a change in muscle length. Concentric is muscle shortening, eccentric is muscle lengthening

52
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Some contractions occur when the length stays the same – this is what happens when you carry your shopping home and your muscles get tired.

53
Q

What are the different muscle fibre types?

A

Fast twitch

Slow twitch

54
Q

Describe fast twitch muscle fibres

A

They do the fast contractions, but are quick to fatigue

55
Q

Describe slow twitch muscle fibres

A

They do the slower contractions, but take longer to fatigue

56
Q

What is locomotion?

A

Movements of organisms to propel themselves from one place to another. Including walking/running, swimming, flying.

57
Q

What is gait?

A

The pattern of steps / foot contacts with the floor during locomotion
One cycle = one complete use of all limbs before repeating a pattern

Foundation to Bioscience 2 (15 decks)

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