Musculoskeletal system and movement Flashcards
What’s involved in the muscular system?
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
What’s involved in the skeletal system?
Bones
Cartilage
Joints
What the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, storage, haematopoeisis
Name the five classifications of bone
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Give an example of a long bone
Bones in the thigh and arm
Give an example of a short bone
Bones in the wrist and foot
Give an example of a flat bone
Bones in the skull vault
Give an example of an irregular bone
The pelvis
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
The patella
Sesamoid bones are bones that are found in tendons
What’s the name of the solid outer layer of bone?
Compact or cortical bone
What’s the name of the internal region of bone?
Trabecular or spongy or cancellous bone.
Why does the spongy bone have a honeycomb like structure?
It means that bones remain relatively light
What can the skeleton be split up into?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleten
List the components of the axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Body thorax
List the components of the appendicular skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Name the two regions of the skull
Viscerocranium (skeleton of the face)
Neurocranium (skeleton of the head and cranial vault)
Functions of the skull
Entry of food and oxygen into the body
Protects brain
Supports organs of special senses
Name the five regions of the vertebral column
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
How many vertebrae do mammals have in their neck?
- They are just bigger or smaller depending on the mammal.
What does the body thorax consist of?
Ribs and sternum
What are the functions of the body thorax?
Muscle attachment
Protects thoracic organs
Respiration
Main function of the appendicular skeleton
Main contributors to locomotions
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and the clavicle
What are some of the adaptations of the pectoral girdle?
The clavicle is missing in large herbivores to permit grazing and is fibrous in cats to help distribute forces associated with pouncing and landing
What’s the main bone in the pelvic girdle?
The pelvis
What are the main functions of the pelvic girdle?
The pelvic girdle provides the socket for the ball and socket joint of the hip (at the acetabulum). It is also adapted for childbearing / reproduction
Describe the arrangement of bones in mammalian limbs
One proximal bone, then two in the forearm/leg, and then a combination of short and long bones forming a hand/foot
Plantigrade locomotion
Plantigrade locomotion means walking with the toes and metatarsals flat on the ground, e.g. humans, bears
Digitigrade locomotion
Digitigrade locomotion means walking on the toes with the heel and wrist permanently raised e.g. cats, dogs
Unguligrade locomotion
Unguligrade locomotion means walking on the nail or nails of the toes (the hoof) with the heel/wrist and the digits permanently raised. e.g. pigs, horses
Define the term ‘hematopoiesis’
The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Name the different types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Briefly describe fibrous joints
They are fixed, with no joint cavity. The bones are connected by dense connective tissue
Give an example of a fibrous solid joint
Joint of fibula and tibia
Briefly describe cartilaginous joints
Again, they don’t have a joint cavity, but there is slight mobility. This is because the bones are connected by cartilage.
Give an example of a cartiliganous joint
manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the sternum)
Briefly describe synovial joints
There’s a joint cavity, allowing the joint to be mobile. The bones are connected by ligaments surrounding the joint capsule
Give examples of synovial joints
Ball and socket joints
Hinge joints
List the functions of the muscular system
Body movement
Posture
Production of body heat
Vital functions
How do muscles attach to bones?
Tendons and dense regular connective tissue
Where is most of the skeletal muscle tissue found?
In the muscle belly
Briefly describe tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Rich in collagen
Can be cylindrical or flat
What is an aponeurosis?
A flat sheet or ribbon of tendon-like material that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle moves. The aponeurosis is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, and bundles of collagenous fibres in ordered arrays.
What do ligaments do?
They connect bone to bone, which stabilises joints
Different shapes of muscles
There are a number of different muscle shapes within the body including circular, convergent, parallel, pennate and fusiform
What happens to the length of a muscle as it contracts?
As a muscle contracts it gets shorter
What does a muscle need to attach to in order to move a joint?
For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of the joint
What do antagonist muscles when the prime movers contract?
They relax
What are prime movers?
They cause the movement to occur. They create the normal range of movement in a joint by contracting.
What do antagonist muscles do?
These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.
Isotonic muscle contraction
These contractions involve a change in muscle length. Concentric is muscle shortening, eccentric is muscle lengthening
Isometric muscle contraction
Some contractions occur when the length stays the same – this is what happens when you carry your shopping home and your muscles get tired.
What are the different muscle fibre types?
Fast twitch
Slow twitch
Describe fast twitch muscle fibres
They do the fast contractions, but are quick to fatigue
Describe slow twitch muscle fibres
They do the slower contractions, but take longer to fatigue
What is locomotion?
Movements of organisms to propel themselves from one place to another. Including walking/running, swimming, flying.
What is gait?
The pattern of steps / foot contacts with the floor during locomotion
One cycle = one complete use of all limbs before repeating a pattern
