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Foundation to Bioscience 2 > Co-ordination and control > Flashcards

Co-ordination and control Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two control systems in place in mammals

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

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2
Q

Definition of a nervous system

A

a control system comprising neurons connected in networks that control essential sensory, motor and complex functions of an organism

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3
Q

What is the CNS tissue made up of?

A

Neurones and glial cells

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4
Q

Briefly describe neurones

A

Electrically active cells capable of transmitting information. Link to other neurones or muscle cells through junctions called synapses by releasing chemical neurotransmitters.

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5
Q

Briefly describe glial cells

A

Supportive cells of various types. Provide mechanical support but also maintain an optimal physiochemical environment. Some types produce myelin a lipid material, which is white in appearance, and helps to insulate the axons of neurones.

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Cranial nerves - 12 pairs in humans Spinal nerves - 31 pairs in humans

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8
Q

What information goes towards the CNS?

A

Sensory, from a stimulus

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9
Q

What information goes away from the CNS?

A

Motor, resulting in a response

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10
Q

What are some of the integrated functions of the human nervous system?

A

intellect, consciousness, emotions, motivation, association, memory, language

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11
Q

What the subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
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12
Q

What’s another word for the autonomic system?

A

Visceral

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13
Q

The sensory division of the PNS is also known as…

A

afferent

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14
Q

The motor division of the PNS is also known as the…

A

Efferent system

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15
Q

What do the general somatic afferent nerves sense?

A

touch, pain, vibration, temperature, pressure, proprioception

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16
Q

What do the special somatic afferent nerves sense?

A

hearing, vision, balance

17
Q

What do the general visceral afferent nerves sense?

A

stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes & visceral irritation, nausea & hunger

18
Q

What do the special visceral afferent nerves sense?

A

smell & taste

19
Q

What do general somatic efferent nerves have control over?

A

motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

20
Q

What do general visceral nerves have control over?

A

motor innervation of smooth & cardiac muscles, glands

21
Q

Definition of the autonomic nervous system

A

A nervous control system that functions largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions

22
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include?

A

Involves nerves which supply involuntary structures (eg. heart, lungs, GIT, smooth muscle, glands, pupil) & is a purely motor system

23
Q

What is the anatomical difference between somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system?

A

The first is the somatic division and the second is the autonomic division

24
Q

What’s the difference between grey matter and white matter?

A

White matter is mainly myelinated axons.

Grey matter is mainly cell bodies

25
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Cell communication

Controls all major body processes

Reproduction, homeostasis, regulating behaviour and mood, growth, inflammatory response

26
Q

Describe some of the features of endocrine glands

A

They contain tissue capable of releasing one or more hormones directly into blood

Endocrine tissues/glands have a rich vascular supply

They are widely distributed around the body

There are over ten major and eight minor endocrine glands

27
Q

What are the three arrangements of endocrine tissue?

A
  1. Endocrine organs devoted to hormone synthesis eg thyroid
  2. Cluster of cells within an organ eg. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
  3. Individual cells scattered diffusely throughout an organ, eg. GI tract
28
Q

Name the 8 minor endocrine glands

A

Pineal Gland, Placenta, Kidneys, Stomach, Duodenum, Liver, Skin, Heart

29
Q

Name the 10 major endocrine glands and one hormone they release

A
30
Q

Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal control

A

Hormone signals tend to be much more diffuse

Hormone signals tend to be more slow to act

Hormones are capable of exerting very long lasting and sometimes permanent effects on their target

31
Q

What does it mean that endocrine glands form an integrated system?

A

Several glands are able to act in concert (e.g. pituitary, adrenal and pancreas in glucose homeostasis)

32
Q

What’s special about the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary is like two glands in one. There are two lobes- the posterior and the anterior lobes.

It’s also known as the master gland

33
Q

Describe the posterior pituitary lobe

A

Neural tissue that comprises hypothalamic axons & nerve terminals

DIRECT CONTROL

Neurohypophyseal hormones: Oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin (ADH)

34
Q

Descibe the anterior pituitary lobe

A

A true gland that receives hypothalamic releasing hormones via portal blood supply.

INDIRECT CONTROL

Adenohypophyseal hormones:

(i) Hormones with tropic action: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(ii) Other hormones:Growth hormone, prolactin

35
Q

What does neuroendocrine control refer to?

A

It refers to the hypothalamus- pituitary control of some endocrine glands, specifically: the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the gonads (ovary/testis)

36
Q

What is neuroendocrinology?

A

Branch of endocrinology specifically dealing with the hypothalamic control of the pituitary

Includes tripartite axis control (thyroid, adrenal & gonadal functions)

Balance between increased output (forward drive) & hormone negative feedback is key

37
Q

What are some of the causes of endocrine disorders?

A

Hormone deficiency: Destruction of gland, Extraglandular disorder, Defect in biosynthesis

Hormone excess: Tumours of endocrine gland, Ectopic hormone production, Overstimulation (hyperplasia), Exogenous hormone

Hormone resistance: Receptor defects

Foundation to Bioscience 2 (15 decks)

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