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Foundation to Bioscience 2 > Introduction to Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Name two types of medical imaging techniques

A

Ionising radiation techniques

Non-radiation techniques

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2
Q

What are different types of ionising radiation techniques?

A

Plain Radiographs (x-rays)
Computer Topography
Fluoroscopy
Nuclear Medicine

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3
Q

What are different types of non-radiation techniques?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ultrasonography (Ultrasound)

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4
Q

Which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum is considered to be ionising?

A

X-rays and gamma rays as they have high energies

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5
Q

Why is ionising radiation harmful?

A

It carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionising them

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6
Q

What are the two units of radiation?

A

Sievert (mainly measured in mSv)

Gray

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7
Q

What are Sieverts used to measure?

A

Diagnostic doses of radiation

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8
Q

What are Grays used to measure?

A

Therapeutic doses of radiation

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9
Q

What’s the average background radiation dose for a UK citizen?

A

2.5 mSv

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10
Q

Why is good image contrast important in imaging procedures?

A

The imaging technique will emphasize certain contrast characteristics of anatomical structures and allow us to differentiate the structures and determine which structures are abnormal.

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11
Q

What causes the different colours on X-Rays?

A

Denser materials block rays from reaching the film, leaving it white. X-rays pass through less dense tissue to the film, resulting in more blackening of the film

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12
Q

Positives of x-rays

A 
Fast 
Non-invasive
Painless
No special prep required
No recovery time
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13
Q

Negatives of x-rays

A 
Radiation risk
Image quality can be low
Distortion
Not good for soft tissues
Inappropriate during pregnancy
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14
Q

Positives of CT scans

A 
Fast
Non-invasive 
Painless 
No special prep required
No recovery time
Better for soft tissues
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15
Q

Negatives of CT scans

A

Inappropriate during pregnancy
Contrast Issues
Higher Radiation risk

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16
Q

Why are CT scans able to produce transverse images?

A

It uses 360° focused X-rays

17
Q

Why are contrast mediums used?

A

They are used to examine structures that do not have inherent contrast differences

18
Q

Define radiopaque

A

A substance that’s opaque to X-rays or similar radiation.

19
Q

Define radiolucent

A

A substance that’s transparent to X-rays

20
Q

Give two examples of contrast mediums

A

Barium meal

Angiography

21
Q

Positives of contrast mediums

A

Excellent differentiation of tissues

Sequential images – follow through

22
Q

Negatives of contrast mediums

A 
Special Preparation
Adverse Reactions
Recovery Time
Invasive
Slower
Transverse
23
Q

What’s CT short for?

A

Computer Tomography

24
Q

Describe the science behind MRIs

A

Certain atomic nuclei can absorb and emit radio frequency energy when placed in an external magnetic field. Hydrogen atoms exist naturally in people and animals in abundance, particularly in water and fat and have their own magnetic moments

25
Q

MRI scans map the location of what in the body?

A

Water and fat

26
Q

Positives of MRI scans

A 
Excellent differentiation of tissues 
Sequential images – follow through
Any plane 
Images structures better without contrast 
Non invasive 
Detect abnormal tissues
No risk to “normal” patient
No radiation
27
Q

Negatives of MRI scans

A

Scans take longer
Remain completely still (hold breath)
Bowel movements and heart always in motion
Distortion from metallic implants, fillings
Cost

28
Q

What do ultrasound scans use to create the images?

A

High frequency sound waves, which create echoes/reflections

29
Q

Positives of ultrasound

A 
Quick 
Low cost 
Portable 
No radiation 
Risk free
Use on “high risk” patients
Live feedback – not static
Biopsy
30
Q

Negatives of ultrasound

A

Varying quality
Unable to cross tissue-gas or tissue-bone boundary
Gas containing structures can obscure deeper tissues
High degree of technical skill

31
Q

Define the term ‘stochastic effects’

A

Effects of radiation that occur on a random basis, independent of the size of the radiation size

32
Q

Define the term ‘non-stochastic effects’

A

Effects of radiation that have a clear relationship between the exposure and the effect. The magnitude of the effect is directly proportional to the size of the dose

Foundation to Bioscience 2 (15 decks)

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