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Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in dislocation of the shoulder?

A
  • Head of the humerus is forcibly removed from its socket in the glenoid fossa
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2
Q

When may dislocation of the shoulder occur?

A
  • If you fall on to your arm heavily in rugby or sports related injury
  • FOOSH
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of dislocation of the shoulder?

A
  • Cannot move the arm
  • Shoulder will look square
  • Lump under the skin
  • Pain
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4
Q

What is the treatment for dislocation of the shoulder?

A
  • Reduction
  • Surgery if tissue damage
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5
Q

What is a humeral neck fracture caused by?

A
  • Low energy falls in the elderly
  • trauma in young person
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of humeral neck fractures?

A

Pain and swelling with decreased motion

accessory nerve damage

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7
Q

What is the treatment for humeral neck fractures?

A
  • Sling immobalisation
  • Rehabilitation
  • Surgery e.g. pinning or rodding
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8
Q

What is impingement of the shoulder?

A
  • Tendon inside your shoulder rubs or catches on nearby tissue and bone as you lift your arm
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9
Q

What causes impingement of the shoulder?

A
  • Injury or overuse of the shoulder
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of impingement of the shoulder?

A
  • Pain in the top and outer side of your shoulder that gets worse when you lift your arm
  • may ache at night and have weakness
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11
Q

What is the treatment for impingement of the shoulder?

A
  • Avoid things that make it worse but dont stop moving it
  • Use and ice pack
  • Take pain killers
  • Shoulder exercises
  • Steroid injections
  • Surgery
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12
Q

What is Calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?

A
  • Calcific deposits inside or around tendons of the rotator cuff
  • Supraspinatus and intraspinatus tendons
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13
Q

What causes calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?

A
  • Degeneration
  • Chemical factors
  • Calcium deposition
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?

A
  • Severe pain spontaneously
  • Frozen shoulder
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15
Q

What is the treatment for calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?

A
  • Steroid injections
  • Shock wave therapy
  • Surgery
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16
Q

What muscles are affected by Rotator cuff tears?

A
  • Subscapularis
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
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17
Q

What is a rotator cuff tear?

A
  • Usually the supraspinatus tendon may tear due to injury or degeneration
  • can be any muscle though
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of a rotator cuff tear?

A
  • Pain at night and when lifting and lowering the arm
  • Weakness in arm and crackling when moving the arm
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19
Q

What is the treatment for a rotator cuff tear?

A
  • Rest
  • Activity modification
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • strengthening exercises
  • steroid injections
  • surgery
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20
Q

What shoulder joints can be affected with osteoarthritis?

A
  • Glenohumeral joint
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Become painful and stiff
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21
Q

What causes increase risk of osteoarthritis?

A
  • Joint injury
  • Age
  • Family history
  • Obesity
  • Other Arthritis
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22
Q

What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?

A
  • Regular exercise
  • losing weight
  • wearing devices to reduce strain
  • surgery to remove peices of damaged cartilage or joint replacement
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23
Q

What causes a medial epicondylar fracture of the humerus?

A
  • FOOSH
  • Elbow dislocation
  • Direct blow
  • Usually in children
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24
Q

What are the symptoms of medial epicondylar fracture of the humerus?

A
  • Medial elbow pain with tenderness over medial epicondyle
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25
Q

What is the treatment for medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus?

A
  • Immobalisation in a long arm cast for 2 weeks
  • surgery if displaced or if ulnar nerve dysfunction
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26
Q

What is a dislocated elbow?

A
  • Where the radius and ulna move out of place compared with the humerus
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27
Q

What causes elbow dislocations?

A

FOOSH

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of elbow dislocations?

A
  • Pain and deformity of the joint
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29
Q

What is the treatment for elbow dislocation?

A
  • Reduction
  • Put in plaster with a sling
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30
Q

What is another name for a pulled elbow?

A
  • Nursemaids elbow or radial head subluxation
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31
Q

What causes a pulled elbow?

A
  • Pulling of the arm e.g. when swinging a child by there arms
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32
Q

What are the symptoms of a pulled elbow?

A

Painful arm and does not want to use it

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33
Q

What is the treatment for a pulled elbow?

A
  • Nurse or doctor will move the arm in a certain way to slip the bone back inside the ring of ligament
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34
Q

What is olecranon bursa?

A
  • Fluid filled sac that cushion elbow joint becomes inflammed
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35
Q

What are the symtoms of olecranon bursitis?

A
  • Painful tender and swollen joint
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36
Q

What is the treatment for olecranon bursa?

A
  • Usually will go away on its own
  • Needle can be inserted to drain
  • Surgery to remove it
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37
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

Dorsal angulation fracture of distal radius

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38
Q

What causes a Colles fracture?

A

FOOSH in extension

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39
Q

How are Colles and Smiths fractures treated?

A

Closed reduction and cast immobilsation

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40
Q

What is a Smiths fracture?

A
  • Palmar angulation fracture of the distal radius
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41
Q

What causes a Smiths fracture?

A

FOOSH in flexion

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42
Q

What is a scaphoid fracture?

A
  • Break in one of the small bones of the wrist
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43
Q

What causes a scaphoid fracture?

A
  • FOOSH
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44
Q

What are the symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?

A
  • Pain and tenderness in the area just below the base of the thumb
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45
Q

How is a scaphoid fracture treated?

A
  • Casting or surgery
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46
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Long term condition that causes swelling and stiffness in the joints
  • Autoimmune condition so thebody attacks the cells that line the joints
  • genetics, hormones and smoing increase risk
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47
Q

What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Joint pain
  • Swelling
  • Stiffness
  • Inflammation
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48
Q

What is the treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • DMARDS
  • Biological treatments
  • have side effects
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49
Q

Where is a common site of osteoarthritis in the hand in post menopausal women?

A

1st CMC joint and distal interphalageal joints including Heberden’s nodes

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50
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis in the hands?

A
  • Tenderness
  • Stiffness
  • Crepitus
  • Swelling
  • Pain
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51
Q

What is the treatment for osteoarthritis in the hands?

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Surgery
52
Q

What is a 5th metacarpal fracture called? (break in the neck of the metacarpal)

A
  • Boxer’s fracture
53
Q

What causes a 5th metacarpal (boxers) fracture?

A

Punching an object with a closed fist

54
Q

What are the symptoms of a 5th metacarpal (boxers) fracture?

A
  • Snapping or popping sensation of the bone
  • Swelling
  • Discolouration
  • bruising
  • pain
  • misalignment
55
Q

What is the treatment for a metacarpal (boxers) fracture?

A
  • Immobilisation
  • Splint
56
Q

What is De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb

e.g. extensor pollicicis brevis or abductor pollicis longus

57
Q

What causes De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A
  • Caused by strain injury
58
Q

What are the symptoms of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A
  • Pain and tenderness beneath the base of the thumb
  • swelling and redness
59
Q

What is the treatment for De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A
  • Rest
  • Splinting
  • Ice
  • anti-inflammatory medications
  • infections
60
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Compression of the median nerve
61
Q

What causes Carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Unknown but may be due to injuries to the wrist or repetitive work with the hand
62
Q

What are the symproms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Pins and needles
  • thumb weakness
  • dull ache in the hand or arm
63
Q

What is the treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • No treatment
  • Splints
  • corticosteroids
  • surgery
64
Q

What causes compression of the ulner nerve in Guyon’s canal?

A

Biking hand hold

handlebar palsy

fractures and bone pathologies

65
Q

What are the symptoms of compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon’s canal?

A
  • Muscular atrophy
  • sensory loss
  • pain
  • ulnar claw
66
Q

What is the treatment for compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyons canal?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Excercises
67
Q

What is Dupuytrens contracture?

A
  • The layer of tissue under the skin of the palm is affected
  • Knots of tissue form under the skin creating thick cord making finger bends
  • unknown cause
    *
68
Q

What is the symptom of Dupuytrens contracture?

A
  • makes it difficuly to use hand
69
Q

What is the treatment for Dupuytrens contracture?

A
  • Xiaflex injection- Collagenase
70
Q

What is reflex sympathetic dystropy?

A
  • Clinical syndrome of variable cause and unknown cause that has pain swelling and vasomotor dysfunction of extremities
71
Q

What causes Reflex sympathetic dystrophy?

A
  • Result of trauma or surgery
72
Q

What are the symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystophy?

A
  • Medications
  • Physical therapy
73
Q

What are the different types of fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia?

A
  • Intra-articular
  • Transverse
  • comminuted
  • closed or open
74
Q

What causes fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia?

A
  • High energy injuries
  • lower force fall
75
Q

What are the symptoms of fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia?

A
  • Pain with weight bearing
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • tender to touch and deformity
76
Q

What is the treatment for fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia?

A
  • Skeletal traction
  • casting
  • bracing
  • surgery
77
Q

What cuases a patellar fracture?

A
  • Falling directly onto the knee or recieving a sharp blow to the knee
78
Q

What are the symptoms of patellar fractures?

A
  • bruising
  • inability to straighten knee
  • inability to walk
79
Q

What is the treatment for patellar fractures?

A
  • splint
  • surgery
80
Q

What is a patellar dislocation?

A
  • patellar slips out of its normal position
  • physicial can manually move the kneecap back
81
Q

What is a meniscal injury?

A
  • C shaped rubbery disc that cushions your knee
  • if torn can prevent your knee from working right
  • caused by twisting or turning your knee quickly
82
Q

What are the symptoms of meniscal injuries?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
83
Q

What is the treatment for meniscal injuries?

A
  • Ice
  • Physical therapy
  • Surgery
84
Q

What is a collateral ligament injury and what causes it?

A
  • Connects the femur to the tibia
  • if this is torn this is a sprain
  • caused by pulls the knee sideways- usually contact injuries
85
Q

What is the treatment for collateral ligament injuries?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Instability
86
Q

What is an anterior, posteroior cruciate injury?

A
  • Within the knee and connects to bone
  • stiffness, swelling and pain
  • instablity and cannot exercise
  • physiotherapy, bracing and rehab and surgery
87
Q

What is another name for suprapatellar bursitis?

A

Housemaids knee

88
Q

What is Suprapatellar bursitis?

A
  • Inflammation of small fluid filled sac in front of the knee cap
89
Q

What causes suprapatellar bursitis?

A

Long periods of kneeing

90
Q

What is the treatment for suprapatellar bursitis?

A
  • Supportive treatment
91
Q

What is another name for superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A
  • clergyman’s knee
92
Q

What is superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A
  • Infrapatellar bursa becomes inflamed, swollen and painful
93
Q

What causes superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A
  • Long periods of kneeling
94
Q

What is the treatment for Superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A
  • Supportive treatment
95
Q

What causes a fracture of the hip and femoral shaft?

A
  • fa or injury to the side of the hip
  • condition that weakens bones
96
Q

What are the symptoms of fractures of the hip and femoral shaft?

A
  • Pain
  • cannot lift leg
  • unable to stand
  • bruising
  • swelling
  • shorter leg on injured side
  • legs turn outwards
97
Q

How is a fracture of the hip and femoral shaft treated?

98
Q

What is an intracapsular fracture of the femoral head?

A
  • Capsule of joint
  • blood supplu to femoral headd travels a retrograde direction via the capsule so blood supply can be damaged
99
Q

What causes intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck?

A
  • fall onto side of the fracture
  • osteoporosis
  • agre related frailty
100
Q

What are the symptoms of intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck?

A
  • Fall followed by pain in the groin and thigh
  • weight bear limited
  • limited range of movement
  • external rotation with shortening of limb length
101
Q

What is the treatment for intacapsular fracture of the femoral neck?

A
  • Surgery
  • internal fixation
  • replacement of the femoral head in hemiarthroplasty
102
Q

What causes a displaced femoral neck fracture?

A
  • Increased training or activity
  • low bone density
  • abnormal body composition
  • diet deficiency
103
Q

What are the symptoms of displaced femoral neck fracture?

A
  • Unable to stand
  • tenderness in anterior groin and thigh
  • range of motion reduced
  • muscle strenght reduced
104
Q

What is the treatment for a femoral nec fracture?

A
  • Reduction and internal fixation
  • surgery
105
Q

What is truamatic dislocation of the hip caused by?

A
  • High energy blunt forced trauma e.g. moto cycle accidents
  • emergency
106
Q

What are the symptoms of traumatic dislocation of the hip?

A
  • Difficulty moving
  • numbness
  • severe pain
107
Q

What is the treatment for traumatic dislocation of the hip?

A
  • Reduction
  • Surgery
108
Q

What is the achilles tendon?

A
  • Strong fibrous cord that connects muscles in the back of your calf to your heel bone
109
Q

What problems can occur with the achilles tendon?

A
  • Achilles tendonitis
  • tendon rupture
110
Q

What can cause tendon rupture?

A
  • Overstretching
111
Q

What are the symptoms of tendon rupture?

A
  • Sudden pain
  • popping or snapping sensation
  • swelling
  • feels like youve been kicked in the back of your leg
112
Q

What is the treatment for a tendon rupture?

A
  • Plaster or boot surgery
113
Q

What is claw toe/hammer toe?

A
  • Toes are bent upwards from the joint at ball of the foot and downwards at the middle joint due to wearing shows that squeeze your toes like high heels
  • surgery or pads will fix
114
Q

What is flat foot?

A
  • Arches of the foot collapse and ome in contact with the ground
115
Q

What causes flat foot?

A
  • Inflammed posterior tibial tendon causing it to damage
116
Q

What are the symptoms of flat foot?

A
  • feet will easily tire
  • painful
  • swollen
  • flat
117
Q

What is the treatment for flat foot?

118
Q

What causes a sprained ankle?

A
  • rolling
  • twist
  • turn
    • of ankle inwards
  • This stretches or tears the ligaments that hold your ankle together
119
Q

What is the treatment for a sprained ankle?

A
  • Rest
  • compression
  • Elevation
120
Q

What breaks in an ankle fracture?

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • both
121
Q

What causes an ankle fracture?

A
  • Twisting of the ankle
  • stress
  • repetitive force
  • over use
122
Q

What are the symptoms of an ankle fracture?

A
  • Immediate and severe pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • tnderness
  • inability to put weight on it
123
Q

What is a bunion?

A
  • Bony lump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe
  • When your big toe pushes against your next toe forcing the joint of your big toe to get bigger and stick out
124
Q

What are the symptoms of bunions?

A
  • Bulging bumps, swelling, calluses and pain
125
Q

What is th treatment of bunions?

A
  • Shoe inserts
  • Surgery
126
Q

What is the connection between diabetes mellitus and the foot?

A
  • Raised blood glucose can damage the sensation of your feet so have to look at feet to make sure there is no damage

Clinical conditions (17 decks)

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