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Clinical conditions > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

A
  • Unstable angina
  • NSTEMI
  • STEMI
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2
Q

What is Angina?

A
  • Angina is chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted
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3
Q

What causes Angina?

A
  • Narrowing or hardening of the main arteries going to the heart
  • Atherosclerosis usually
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4
Q

What are the types of Angina?

A
  • Stable- angina attacks are brought on by obvious trigger such as exercise and improves with medication and rest
  • Unstable- Attacks are more unpredictable occurring with no obvious trigger and continuing despite rest
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of Angina?

A
  • Dull, heavy or tight pain in the chest that can sometimes spread to the left arm, neck, jaw or back
  • Usually only lasts a few minutes- angina attack
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6
Q

What is the treatment for Angina?

A
  • Relieves symptoms, reduce number of attacks and reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke
  • Glyceryl trinitrate (nitrate) relaxes and widens blood vessels so increases blood supply to the heart – can be a spray
  • Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers to prevent attacks Statins, low dose aspirin and ACE inhibitors reduce the risk or heart attack
  • Surgery- CABG where section of blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and used to re-route the flow if blood past a blocked or narrowed artery
  • PCI- narrowed section of artery is widened using a stent
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7
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A
  • Hardening, thickening and less elastic artery due to plaque or atheroma
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8
Q

What causes Atherosclerosis?

A
  • Increased age, smoking, high fat diet, lack of exercise, alcohol, high blood pressure, history
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Atherosclerosis?

A
  • May not show until a blockage occurs Chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue
  • Can cause angina, heart attack and stroke
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10
Q

What is the treatment for Atherosclerosis?

A
  • Healthy diet may stop it getting worse
  • Statins for high cholesterol
  • Low dose aspirin for blood clot risk CABG, coronary angioplasty or carotid endarterectomy
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11
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • Heart condition that causes irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate
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12
Q

What causes Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • Atria contracts randomly and so fast that the heart cant relax properly between contractions so reduces hearts efficiency and performance
  • Abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria so have irregular pulse rate
  • High blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart failure and valve problems
  • Excessive alcohol or smoking may increase risk
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Tiredness and lethargic
  • Heart palpitations and chest pain
  • Uneven pulse
  • ECG-Irregularly irregular rhythm, no P wave, wavy baseline
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • Medications e.g. beta blockers, warfarin (Stroke risk)
  • Cardio version which gives electric shock to try to restore normal rhythm
  • Pace maker
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15
Q

What is an Atrial Septal Defect?

A
  • A hole in the wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart
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16
Q

What are the types of Atrial Septal Defect?

A
  • Ostium secundum- Septum secundum doesn’t fuse with the septum primum and so foramen ovale doesn’t close properly
  • Prnum- lower part of septum
  • Sinus venosus- upper part of septum
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17
Q

What are the causes of an Atrial Septal Defect?

A
  • Occurs during fetal development
  • May be genetic
  • No clear cause for many children
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of an Atrial Septal Defect?

A
  • Poor appetite and growth
  • Fatigue Shortness of breath and lungs problems
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow, Right ventricle volume overload, right sided heart failure
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19
Q

What is the treatment for an Atrial Septal Defect?

A
  • May be closed in a cardiac catheterization lab or open heart surgery
  • May close by itself
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20
Q

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
  • Narrowing of the Aorta
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21
Q

What are the types of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
  • Infant- 70%- occurs after the aortic arch and before Ductus arteriosus (usually closes after birth), narrowing of the aorta means high pressure above the narrow but low pressure below so: Deoxygenated Blood moves into the oxygenated blood stream through Ductus arteriosus and to lower extremities
  • Adult- 30%- No Ductus arteriosus, no mixing of blood but pressure is high in the aorta before the narrowing and low below
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22
Q

What are the causes of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
  • In infants during fatal development e.g. turners syndrome
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23
Q

What are the symptoms of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
  • Infants- Cyanosis- blue or purple discoloration of lower limb which may cause death if not caught
  • Adults- Increased pressure in upper extremities and head so increased risk of berry aneurysm Decreased blood pressure in lower extremities so claudication- pain and cramping and RAAS so causes hypertension, posterior and anterior intercostal arteries have reversed flow so pulsate and rib notching occurs
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24
Q

What is the treatment for Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
  • Balloon dilation to widen aorta or surgically remove coarctation
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25
Q

What is Heart block?

A
  • Arrhythmia where a signal is delayed so the heart beats too slowly
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26
Q

What are the types of Heart block?

A
  • First degree- delayed but still makes it to the ventricles PR interval greater than 200ms Symptoms- none Treatment- Identify electrolyte imbalances or causes from mediations, usually no further treatment
  • Second degree- two types Type 1- Wenkebach PR interval progressively longer with each beat until eventually one is blocked completely (dropped beat) Eventually ventricles contract Symptoms- usually none but may have light headedness, dizziness and syncope Type 2- Mobitz II intermittent dropped beats but fairly random- no progressive lengthening Ratio of conducted to not conducted e.g. 2:1 Symptoms- fatigue dyspnea, chest pain, syncope
  • Third degree or complete Signal is completely blocked so none go to ventricles More like 30 beats per minute Symptoms- syncope, confusion, dyspnea, severe chest pain, risk of dying Causes?
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27
Q

What are the causes of Heart block?

A
  • Damage or fibrosis to conduction system E.g. LEVs disease- progressive over time, fibrosis develops
  • Ischemic heart disease- not enough oxygen so heart cells due- e.g. heart attack
  • Heart diseases like cardiomyopathies and myocarditis
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28
Q

What is the treatment for Heart block?

A
  • Atropine- to increase heart rate
  • Transcutaneous pacing
  • Must treat underlying cause
  • May need a permanent pacemaker
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29
Q

What is Heart failure?

A
  • Heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly as it is too weak or stiff
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30
Q

What causes Heart failure?

A
  • Coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, heart rhythm problems, congenital heart disease, damage to valves
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31
Q

What causes Heart failure?

A
  • Breathlessness
  • Feeling tired most of the time and finding exercise exhausting
  • Swollen ankles or legs (oedema)
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32
Q

What is the treatment for Heart failure?

A
  • Healthy lifestyle changes
  • Medications- ACE inhibitors, Beta-blockers, ARBs, nitrates, diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, Pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization therapy, ICDs
  • Surgery e.g. valve surgery or heart transplant
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33
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A
  • High than normal potassium levels in the blood
  • Over 5.5mmol/L
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34
Q

What are the causes of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • M- Medications- ACE Inhibitors, NSAIDS
  • A- Acidosis- metabolic and respiratory
  • C- Cellular destruction- burns and trauma
  • H- Hypoaldosteronism and hemolysis
  • I- Intake- excessive
  • N- Nephrons renal failure Excretion- impaired
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35
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Tiredness or weakness
  • Numb or tingling
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Trouble breathing
  • Chest pain
  • Irregular heartbeats- palpitations
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36
Q

What is the treatment for Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Calcium reduces risk of ventricle fibrillation
  • Insulin and glucose- intracellular shift of potassium
  • Remove potassium intake
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37
Q

What is Hypokalaemia?

A
  • Lower than normal potassium levels in the blood
  • Less than 3.5mmoll/l
38
Q

What causes Hypokalaemia?

A
  • Vomiting and Diarrhea
  • Medications
  • Not enough intake Alkalosis
39
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypokalaemia?

A
  • Weakness, tiredness, cramping, tingling, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, fainting
40
Q

What is the treatment for Hypokalaemia?

A
  • Potassium replacement by mouth or IV (Slowly)
41
Q

What is Hypertension?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Systolic- arterial pressure when the hearts contracting 120-139 is prehypertension 140 and above is hypertension
  • Diastolic- arterial pressure when the hearts relaxing 80-89 is prehypertension 90 and above
42
Q

What are the causes of Hypertension?

A
  • No clear cause- primary or essential hypertension- happens over time- old age, obesity, salt heavy diets, don’t move much 10% can have underlying cause
  • secondary hypertension e.g. low renal blood flow due to atherosclerosis, vascularize or aortic dissection
  • This causes more renin release so water is retained, more fluid volume and hypertension
  • More aldosterone due to tumour does the same thing
43
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypertension?

A
  • Primary- usually none- silent killer
  • Secondary- underlying cause symptoms
  • Wear and tear of endothelial cells in arteries
  • Can lead to MI, aneurysm and stroke
  • Hypertensive crisis- 180/110mmhg or more
    • Urgency- No damage to end organs
    • Emergency- damage to end organs- Confusion, drowsiness, chest pain, breathlessness
44
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertension?

A
  • Life style changes
  • Antihypertensive medications- ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, Diuretics, Beta blockers
45
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction?

A
  • Heart attack- blood supply to the heart is suddenly blocked e.g. by a blood clot
  • Heart muscle death from lack of blood flow
46
Q

What causes an MI?

A
  • Coronary heart disease- major blood vessels that supply the heart get clogged up with deposits of cholesterol (plaques)
  • One of these plaques bursts causing a blood clot to develop which blocks the supply of blood to the heart causing a heart attack
47
Q

What are the symptoms of an MI?

A
  • Chest pain- like being pressed or squeezed by a heavy object which may radiate to the jaw, neck, arms and back
  • Sometimes may be mistaken for indigestion
  • Shortness of breath
  • Weak or lightheaded Anxious
48
Q

What is the treatment for an MI?

A
  • Aspirin as helps to thin the blood and reduce the risk of a heart attack
    • Chew and then swallow
  • May use medications to dissolve the blood clot
  • Surgery- Coronary artery bypass graft
  • PCI- primary percutaneous coronary intervention
49
Q

What is an NSTEMI?

A
  • Non-ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction
  • Myocardial infarction with partial subendocardial infarct of the wall
  • ST segment depression
50
Q

What is a STEMI?

A
  • ST-Segment elevation myocardial infraction
  • Transmural infarct
  • ST Segment elevation
51
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A
  • Inflammation around the heart
  • Layers around the heart become thicker
  • May then cause effusion
52
Q

What are the causes of Pericarditis?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Can be Viral Can be Dressler syndrome which is after a heart attack
  • Uremic pericarditis- due to high urea levels
  • Autoimmune diseases Cancer, radiation, medications
53
Q

What are the symptoms of Pericarditis?

A
  • Fever and chest pain that gets worse when heavy breathing but better when sitting up and leaning forward
  • Diminished heart sounds and cardiac output
  • Friction rub on auscultation- two pieces of leather rubbing together
54
Q

What is the treatment for Pericarditis?

A
  • Relieve pain and treat underlying cause
  • If pericardial effusion can do a Pericardiocentesis
55
Q

What is Shock?

A
  • The heat suddenly cannot pump enough blood to meet your bodies needs
56
Q

What causes Shock?

A
  • Heart attack
  • Myocarditis
  • Endocarditis
  • Weakened heart
  • Drug overdose
57
Q

What are the symptoms of Shock?

A
  • Rapid breathing and shortness of breath
  • Tachycardia
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Weak pulse
  • Sweating, pale, cold hands and feet
  • Heart attack symptoms if caused by this
58
Q

What is the treatment of Shock?

A
  • Improve blood flow and oxygen to the bodies organs
59
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
  • Displaces aorta
  • Oxygenated blood mixes with non-oxygenated blood
  • Form of congenital heart disease
60
Q

What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Maternal malnutrition, viral illness, genetic disorder overall unknown
61
Q

What are the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Shortness of breath
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Clubbing, poor weight, tired, irritable, prolonged crying
62
Q

What is the treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Shunt Balloon dilations
  • Open heart surgery
63
Q

What is Transposition of the great arteries?

A
  • Pulmonary artery and aorta are swapped over and connected to the wrong chamber
64
Q

What causes Transposition of the great arteries?

A
  • Viruses, maternal age over 40, maternal diabetes increase risks
  • Overall unknown
65
Q

What are the symptoms of Transposition of the great arteries?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Shortness of breath
  • Lack of appetite and poor weight gain
66
Q

What is the treatment for Transposition of the great arteries?

A
  • Surgery
  • Medication and atrial septostomy
67
Q

What is Tricuspid atresia?

A
  • Tricuspid heart valve has not formed properly
68
Q

What are the causes of Tricuspid atresia?

A
  • Genetic factors such as downs syndrome, viruses, older parents, alcohol Overall Unknown
69
Q

What are the symptoms of Tricuspid atresia?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Tiring easily and slow growth and poor weight gain
  • Symptoms of heart failure like fatigue and swelling
70
Q

What is the treatment for Tricuspid atresia?

A
  • Surgery
71
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack?

A
  • Mini stroke
  • Temporary disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain
72
Q

What causes a TIA?

A
  • One of the blood vessels that supply your brain becomes blocked
  • Blood clot, fatty material or air bubbles
  • Smoking, high blood pressure, obesity etc can increase risk
73
Q

What are the symptoms of a TIA?

A
  • Face- drooped on one side
  • Arms- cannot lift both arms
  • Speech- slurred or garbled
  • Time- has to be treated fast
74
Q

What is the treatment for a TIA?

A
  • Although symptoms resolve in a few minutes or hours will need to prevent further TIAs
  • Advice about lifestyle changes
  • May need medications
75
Q

What is Aortic Valve stenosis?

A
  • Caused by degeneration, congenital or rhematic fever
  • Causes LV hypertrophy and left sided heart failure
76
Q

What is Aortic valve regurgitation?

A
  • Caused by Dilation and Vlavular damage
  • Causes bounding pulse and LV hypertrophy
77
Q

What is Mitral valve stenosis?

A
  • Caused by rhematic fever
  • Causes RV hypertrophy, thrombus formation and dysphagia
78
Q

What is Mitral valve regurgitation?

A
  • Caused by Mysomatous degeneration, prolapse and rhematic fever
  • Causes LV hypertrophy
79
Q

What is a Ventricular ectopic beat?

A
  • Ventricular contractions before the underlying rhythm would normally depolarise
80
Q

What causes a Ventricular ectopic beat?

A
  • Heart disease
  • Stimulation e.g. stress, alcohol, caffeine, medication, cocaine
81
Q

What are the symptoms of Ventricular ectopic beats?

A
  • Heart is fluttering, pounding, skipping
  • Aware of heart beat
  • Feel faint or dizzy
82
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular ectopic beats?

A
  • Usually not necessary
  • Treat underlying cause
83
Q

What is Ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • Rhythm problem that occurs when the heart beats with rapid, erratic electrical impulses
84
Q

What causes Ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • Can be unknown
  • Heart problems such as from a heart attack like scars and damage
85
Q

What are the symptoms of Ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • Chest pain, rapid heartbeat
  • Dizziness and loss of consciousness
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath
86
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  • Defibrillation
87
Q

What is a Ventricular septal defect?

A
  • Hole between the left and right ventricles
  • Form of Congenital heart disease
88
Q

What causes a Ventricular septal defect?

A
  • Congenital heart defect- unknown cause, may be infection, mother nutrition etc
  • Severe blunt trauma to the chest
89
Q

What are the symptoms of Ventricular septal defects?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Paleness
  • Failure to gain rate
  • Fast heart rate
  • Sweating while feeding
  • Respiratory infections
90
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular septal defects?

A
  • Surgical repair
  • Catheter procedure

Clinical conditions (17 decks)

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