Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology Flashcards

Question

What is Eosinophilia? Causes?

Answer 1

* What is it? * Increased number of eosinophils in the blood * Causes? * Allergies and allergic reactions like hay fever and asthma * parasite infections * skin diseases * lymphoma

Answer 2

* What is it? * Overactive thyroid * Thyroid gland produced too much thyroid hormones * Causes? * Graves disease- bodies immune system attacks and damages the thyroid * Lumps on the thyroid * Medications such as amiodarone * Symptoms? * Nervousness, anxiety, irritibility * Mood swings * Difficulty sleeping * Persistant tiredness and weakness * Sesitive to heat * swelling in neck- goitre * palpitations * trembling * weight loss * Treatments? * Medications to stop the thyroid producing excess hormones e.g. carbimazole and propylthioutacil * also beta blockers to relieve symptoms * Radioiodine treatment * Surgery

Answer 3

* What is it? * Underactive thyroid * Thyroid gland doesnt produce enough hormones (T4) * Causes? * Hashimoto disease- autoimmune reaction * Previous thyroid treatment e..g. radioactive irodine therapy and treatments for overactive thryoid * Iodine deficiency * Symptoms? * Tiredness * Sensitive to cold * weight gain * constipation * depression * slow movements and thoughts * muscle aches and weakness * muscle cramps * dry and scaly skin * brittle hair * loss of lipido * carpal tunnel * irregular periods * Low pithced hoarse voice, puffy face, thinned or partly missing eyebrows, slow heart rate, hearing loss, anemia * Treatment? * Levothyroxine- hormone replacement

Answer 4

* What is it? * When the pituitary isnt producing enough hormones * All hormones affected- panhypopituitarism * Can have GH deficiency, Gonadotrophin deficiency, TSH and ACTH deficiency or ADH deficiency * Causes? * Benign tumour of the pituitary gland * Direct pressure of a tumour mass * Surgery or radiotherapy * Meningitis * Severe blood loss of head injury or sarcoidosis * Symptoms? * Excessive tiredness and decreased energy * Muscle weakness * reduced body hair * irregular periods * reduced fertility * decreased sex drive * dry skin * constipation * dizziness * low blood pressure * headaches * Diabetes insipidus * increased sensitivity to cold * Treatment? * Corticosteroids * Growth hormone, sex hormones any pituritary hormone replacement

Answer 5

* What is it? * Excess of pituitary hormones * Prolactin, GH or ACTH excess * Causes? * Tumour e.g. adenoma * Symptoms? * GH excess- Englarged hands and feet, facial features, skin tags, body odor, weakness, headaches, husky voice, enlarged tongue, irregular periods, errectile dysfunction * Prolactin excess- tender breasts in women, breasts produce milk, reproductive dysfunction, irregular periods, infertility, low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, low energy levels * Treatment? * Medications to lower levels of hormones * surgery * radiation

Answer 6

* What is it? * Oversecretion of adrenaline * boost of energy, rapid heart rate, sweating, rapid breathing, do not feel pain, dilated pupils, jittery

Answer 7

* What is it? * Oversecretion of cortisol in the body * Causes? * Steroidsas they contain cortisol * Tumoir in pituitary gland * Tumour in adrena glands * Symptoms? * Weight gain and body fat * increased fat on chest and tummy with slim arms and legs * Buffalo hump * Red round and puffy face- moon face * bruising easily * low libido * large purple stretch marks * weakness in upper arms and thighs * depression and mood swings * Treatment? * Stop steroids * remove tumour

Answer 8

* What is it? * Primary adrenal insufficency * hypoadrenalism * Causes? * Autoimmune disease that attacks the adrenal glands * TB * Symptoms? * Lack of energy * muscle weakness * low mood * loss of appetite * increased thirst * dizziness, fainting, cramps, exhaustion * Treatment? * Medication such as corticosteroids * May go into adrenal crisis- severe deydration, pale and cold, sweating, shallow breath, dizziness, serve vomiting, muscle weakness, headache, drowsiness

Answer 9

* What is it? * Group of rare inherited autosomal recessive disorders characterised by deficiency of one of the enzymes needed to make specific hormones- corticosteroids, minercorticoids and androgens * Inheritance? * Autosomal recessive * Causes? * Deletions and mutations in CYP1A2 or other * Symptoms? * Large adrenal glands that produce excessive androgens so abnormal development in females with the disease * deficiency in aldosterone- excessive loss of water so dehydration, hypovolemia and hypotension * Treatment? * varies on type and severity * reduced androgen production with hormones and glucocortidcoids and mineralcorticoids

Answer 10

* What is it? * Excess mineralcoritcoid hormone in blood * Inheritance? * Autosmal recessive * Symptoms? * Hypertesion * Hypokalemia * Treatment? * blood pressure control and aldosterone antagonist e.g. spironalactone

Answer 11

* What is it? * Lifelong condtion that causes a persons blood sugar level to become too high * Types? * Type 1- bodies immune system attacks and destroy Beta cells * Type 1- Where the body doesnt produce enough insulin or the cells do not react to insulin * Symptoms? * Thirst * Urinating more frequently than usual * Tiredness * Weight loss * itching and thrush * cuts or wounds that heal slowly * blurred vision * Treatment? * Type 1- insulin * Type 2- life style changes, metformin