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Clinical conditions > Introduction to Physiology and Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Physiology and Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Asthma?

A
  • Common lung condition
  • Heterogenous disease
  • Chronic airway inflammation
  • Makes bronchioles narrow and more difficult to breath
  • History of respiratory problems
  • Obstructive pulmonary disease
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2
Q

What causes Asthma?

A
  • TH2 cells release cytokines and activate B cells which produce IgE
  • Allegens interact with IgE antibodies, this causes mast cell degranulation and release of mediators such as histamine which causes bronchial constriction
  • Inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells release mediators and cytokines which cause inflammation
  • Family hitry and reduced exposure to bacteria can increase risk
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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Asthma?

A
  • Coughing, wheezing, chest tightness
  • Dyspnea- shortness of breath
  • Sputum with mucus plugs or casts from small bronchi which block air exchange and medication
  • Charlot-leyden crystals in sputum which are needle shaped from breakdown of eosinophils
  • Usually worse at night and early morning
  • On examination- wheezing on auscultation in forced expiration, may be absent in severe asthma-silent chest
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4
Q

How is Asthma diagnosed?

A
  • Frequency of medication and symptoms- if inhalers work then probably asthma
  • FEV1 or FVC- FEV1 should be reduced
  • Variation in lung function greater than in healthy individuals- if changes a lot then likely to be asthma
  • PERF- peak expiratory rate flow- low
  • Eosinophlia inflammation- measured by peripheral blood eosinophil count, sputim ad exhaled nitric oxide
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5
Q

What is the treatment for Asthma?

A
  • S- Smoking cessation
  • I- Inhaler technique
  • M- Monitoring
  • P- Pharmacology
  • L- Lifestyle
  • E- Education
  • Also Medications
    1. Low dose inhaled corticosteroids
    2. Regular low dose ICS
    3. a) LABA and low dose ICS 3b) LABA and increased dose ICS
    4. LABA and high ICS and LTRA/aminophylline
    5. Daily oral corical steroid and high dose ICS
    • SABA as required at all steps, if more than 2x a week then step up
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6
Q

What is an Asthma attack?

A
  • Worsening symptoms which can be sudden or gradual
  • Triggered by viral infections or allergens
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7
Q

How is an Asthma attack treated?

A
  • O- Oxygen
  • S- Salbutamol (nebulised beta agonist)
  • H- Hydrocortisone
  • I- Ipratropium (M3 antagonist)
  • T- Theophylline (phosphodiesterase inhibitor)
  • M- Magnesium (decrease vagal tone)
  • E- Escalate (send to ICU)
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8
Q

What is Familial hypercholesterolemia?

A
  • High cholesterol that runs in the family
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9
Q

What causes Familial hypercholesterolemia?

A
  • Defect on chromosome 19
  • Body is unable to remove LDL cholesterol from the body
  • Autosomal dominant
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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Familial hypercholesterolemia?

A
  • High cholesterol
  • Development of heart problems
  • Athersclerosis
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11
Q

What is the treatment for Familial hypercholesterolemia?

A
  • Statin which lower LDL
  • Improve diet and lifestyle
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12
Q

What is Familial male precocious puberty?

A
  • Condition that cuases early sexual development in male
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13
Q

What causes Familial male precocious puberty?

A
  • LHCGR gene mutation
  • This releases LH which causes androgen release
  • Autosomal dominant
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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Familial male preocious puberty?

A
  • Puberty begins in early childhood between 2-5 years
  • Increased boyd hair, growth of penis and testis, underarm odor
  • Stop growing earlier so shorter when an adult
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15
Q

What is the treatment for Familial male precocious puberty?

A
  • Spironolactor and testolactone
  • Blocks androgens and oestrogen synthesis
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16
Q

What is Hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • Condition that affects red blood cells
17
Q

What causes Hereditary sphercytosis?

A
  • Mutation in genes- at least 5
  • Misshapen cells and rigidity
  • Usually autosomal dominant but can be recessive
18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hereditary sphercytosis?

A
  • Anemia
  • Splenomegaly
  • Jaundice
  • Gallstones
19
Q

What is the treatment for Hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • No cure
  • Vitamins and transfusions help symptoms
  • Surgery to remove spleen
20
Q

What is Hypertension?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Systolic- arterial pressure when heart is contracting
    • 120-139 is pre hypertension
    • 140 or more is hypertension
  • Diastolic- Arterial pressure when the heart is relaxing
    • 80-89 is pre hypertension
    • 90 or more is hypertenion
21
Q

What causes Hypertension?

A
  • No clear cause
  • Primary
    • over time, old age, obesity, salt heavy diet, lack of exercise
  • Secondary- 10%
    • low renal blood flow, atherscleosis, vasculature or aortic dissection
    • This causes more renin release, water is retained, more fluid volume, and so hypertension
      • Increased aldosterone due to a tumour does the same thing
22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hypertension?

A
  • Primary
    • none usually- silent killer
    • may cause headaches
  • Secondary
    • Underlying cause symptoms
  • May cause wear and tear of endothelial arteries
    • causes MI, stroe, aneurysm
  • 180/110 or higher will cause hypertensive crisis
    • damages end organs
      • confusion, drowsiness, chest pain breathlessness
23
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertension?

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Medications
    • ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium channel blocers, Diuretics, Beta blockers
24
Q

What is Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Rare condition where you produce large amount of urine and feel thirsty
25
Q

What causes Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Kidney does not respond to ADH and so too much water is passed from the body
  • Due to kidney damage or could be inherited
  • May be caused by lithium
26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

A
  • Polydipsia- extreme thirst
  • Polyuria- passing large amounts of urine
27
Q

What is the treatment for Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

A
  • Medications like thiazide diuretics which reduce amounts of urine the kidney makes
28
Q

What is Pheomochromocytoma?

A
  • Rare tumour of the adrenal gland which sits just above the kidney
29
Q

What causes Pheomochromocytoma?

A
  • Usually no reason
  • May be genetic, MEN, VHL syndrome or NF1
30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Pheomochromocytoma?

A
  • Severe headaches
  • Sweating
  • Heart palpitations
31
Q

What is the treatment for Pheomochromocytoma?

A
  • Laproscopic surgery or open surgery to remove it
32
Q

What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?

A
  • Group of rare genetic disorders that involve the breakdown and loss of cells in the retina
33
Q

What causes Retinitis Pigmentosa?

A
  • Inherited disorder that causes mutation in 1 of 50 genes- may produce toxic proteins or not make proteins
  • Autosomal recessive, dominant or X linked
34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa?

A
  • Long time to adjust to light
  • Difficulty finding way in the dark
  • Photophobia
  • Vision loss
35
Q

What is the treatment for Retinitis pigmentosa?

A
  • No cure
  • Vitamin A can slow progression
  • Searching for a treatment

Clinical conditions (17 decks)

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