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Block 3 VMT > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Ligaments

A

Hold bones in position

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2
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones for movement

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3
Q

What do tendons and ligaments make up

A

Both make up connective tissue network; function is to support movement.

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4
Q

Main role of the skeleton

A

Protects-skull(brain) and ribs(heart and lungs)
Provides structure- framework for other organs to attach
Blood cell formation- bone marrow-blood cells are formed (hematopoiesis)

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5
Q

How many bones do dogs have

A

340 bones

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6
Q

Bone formation

A

Bones start as calcium and oddity with time. They grow from the growth plates.

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7
Q

Growth plates

A

Where the bones actively grow until the plates close at maturity

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8
Q

Bone remodeling

A

After a break/fracture(different than growth on growth plate)

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9
Q

Ossification

A

Hardening bones with calcium / phosphate minerals

Bones not fully closed or ossified until maturity

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10
Q

Bone cavities

A

Contain red or yellow bone marrow

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11
Q

Red marrow

A

Contains hematopoietic cells (all red at birth)
Make RBCs WBSs and platelets
Flat bones/end of long bones

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12
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Contains mostly fat cells
Cavity in long part of bones
Can turn back to red if hematopoiesis

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13
Q

Yellow to red bone marrow

A

Adults have 50/50 red and yellow bone marrow

Red marrow turns yellow as animal ages

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Type of bone cell that breaks down / absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing
Essential for maintenance, repair, restructing)

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15
Q

Osteoblast

A

Large cells responsible for synthesis and mineralization of bone during formation and remodeling.

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16
Q

Osteocyte

A

Derive from osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

Osteoblasts surrounded by the products they secreted

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17
Q

Fractures

A

Blood goes to the area and clots
A hard callus eventually replaces the soft callus , creating new bone. The extra bone that gets created around the hard callus gets broken down.

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth white tissue that covers end of bones where they come in contact to form joints
Allows bones to glide over each other with little friction ; aids movement.
Can be damaged by injury or wear/tear. Hard to heal

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19
Q

Axial

A

Bone forming head/trunk of animal

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

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20
Q

Appendicular

A

Bones of the limbs, including girdles that attach to axial skeleton
Scapula, clavicle , sacrum, hips

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21
Q

Skull bones

A 
Cranium 
Orbits 
Foramen magnum 
Mandible 
Maxilla 
Sinuses
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22
Q

Cranium

A

Bone enclosing the brain
Includes facial bones
Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal

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23
Q

Orbits

A

Cavity containing eye ball

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24
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Opening at the base of the skull

Brian stem and spinal cord enter

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25
Q

Mandible

A

The lower jaw bone

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26
Q

Maxilla

A

The upper jaw bone

Also helps support orbits

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27
Q

Sinuses

A

Hollow spaces in the skull ; connect with nasal passage

Lighten skull, produce mucous, for protection/lubrication

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28
Q

Vertebral bones

A

Protect the spinal cord

Most have spaces inbetween (inter vertebral discs); except sacral (fused)

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29
Q

5 types of vertebrae

A

Cervical (7) neck
C1 Atlas
C2 Atlas
Thoracic 13 thorax
Lumbar 7 back of abdomen
Sacral 3 fused. Fuses to form sacrum; articulates with pelvic girdle.
Coccygeal 6-23. Tail length varies; highly moveable

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30
Q

Ribs

A

13 pairs in dogs and cats
Attach to thoracic vertebrae; 2 ribs per vertebrae
Ribs ventrally attach to sternum ; last rib often floating
12- people 13- dogs and cats 18 horses

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31
Q

True ribs

A

Bones attached to sternum

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32
Q

False ribs

A

Bones not attached to sternum

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33
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Located between each vertebrae

34
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends the length of the vertebral column in the vertebral foramen

35
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Opening in vertebrae formed by body and arch

36
Q

Where does the spinal cord lie

A

With in the vertebral column ; gives good protection

37
Q

Cauda equina

A

Last section of roots of spinal cord ; responsible for caudal nerve signaling

38
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Anchors tongue to mouth , sits at the root of the tongue before voice box in larynx
When bones are more rigid in felines, they can purr

39
Q

Thoracic cage

A 
Clavicle 
Scapula 
Humerus 
Radius 
Ulna 
Carpus 
Metacarpus
40
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone. Bone caudal to shoulder blade.

41
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade.

42
Q

Humerus

A

Forms shoulder joint(dislocation can occur)

43
Q

Radius

A

Shaft bone that is cranial

44
Q

Ulna

A

Shaft bone that is caudal

45
Q

Carpus

A

Form of many small bones “wrist joint”

46
Q

Metacarpals

A

Connects carpals to phalanges

47
Q

Phalanges

A

Five on front paw, may have 4-5 on hind paws.
Digit 1= declaw; have 2 phalanges - missing P2
- may be attached by bone or floppy. Just skin
Digits 2-5 - 3 phalanges

48
Q

Bones of the hind leg

A 
Pelvis 
Femur 
Patella 
Tibia
Fibula 
Tarsus (hock) 
Metatarsals 
Phalanges
49
Q

What bones make up the pelvis

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum

50
Q

Ilium

A

Cranial “wings”

Articulates with sacrum

51
Q

Ischium

A

Caudal “wings” below holes

Forms most of pelvic floor

52
Q

Pubis

A

Pubis symphysis

Two sides of pelvis join - connects ischium together

53
Q

Acetabulum

A

Articulation of hip joint where femur sits
Formed from ischium ilium and pubis
Makes up pelvic girdle

54
Q

Femur

A

Forms hip joint in acetabulum and knew in tibia

55
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

Small bone cranial knee joint; covers and protects cranial knee (stifle)

56
Q

Tibia

A

Large bone creating knee and ankle (tarsus)

57
Q

Fibula

A

Small bone, involved in ankle joint and back of stifle
Anchor point for many muscles
Stability in ankle
Attaches to caudal part of tibia by stifle in dogs/cats

58
Q

Tarsus (hock)

A

Formed of multiple small bones (like carpus)

Useful for absorbing shocks

59
Q

Metatarsals

A

Bones connecting hock to phalanges (4)

60
Q

Phalanges hund

A

Similar to foreleg

61
Q

Joint

A

A structure where 2 or more bones fit together

Parts of skeleton come together

62
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No bone cavity
Connected with fibrous connective tissue
Ex: skull bones

63
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Connected by cartilage (and some fibrous tissue)
Always allows small movements (depends on how much fibrous tissue)
Ex: vertebral joints (intervertebral discs are cartilage)

64
Q

Synovial joints

A

Connected by cartilage and enclosed by membrane; contains synovial fluid
Most moveable joint; allows reduced friction during movement
Most common joint
Ex: shoulder, knee, elbow, hip

65
Q

What are the three types of synovial joints

A

Hinge
Ball and socket
Gliding

66
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

One rounded surface fits into another
Only allows one direction like a hinge
Elbow joint

67
Q

Ball and socket synovial joint

A

Allows movement in all directions
Ball within a socket
Hip and shoulder joint

68
Q

Gliding synovial joint

A

Bone surfaces glide over each other (can’t rotate)
Range of motion is limited
Seen in carpus and tarsus

69
Q

Stifle joint

A 
Femur 
Patella 
Tibia 
Cruciate ligaments 
Menisci 
Patellar ligament 
Extensor tendon of quadriceps
70
Q

Femur in stifle joint

A

Connects proximally to joint

71
Q

Patella in stifle joint

A

Cranial to joint

In front of distal femur

72
Q

Tibia in stifle joint

A

Connects distally to joint

73
Q

Cruciate ligaments in joint

A

Caudal and cranial
Both mid joint
Form x across joint

74
Q

Collateral ligaments in stifle joint

A

One medial
One lateral
Cross joint femur to tibia/fibia
Lateral ligament

75
Q

Menisci

A

Dorsal to tibia

Helps absorb force within joint

76
Q

Patellar ligaments

A

Holds patella
Goes across patella to tibia cranially
Head formed by all 4 heads of quadriceps muscles

77
Q

Extensor tendon of quadriceps

A

Attached to distal femur

Close to patellar ligament

78
Q

Tendons of stifle joint

A

Flexible but inelastic cord attaching to muscle of bone

Made up of strong fibrous collagen connective tissue

79
Q

Ligaments of stifle joint

A

Connect 1 bone to adjacent bone
Made of collagen
Allows for movement without damage (ex dislocation)
Maintain stability of joints

80
Q

Fascia of stifle joint

A

A thin fibrous sheath enclosing a muscle of an organ

Attaches, stabilizes and enckoses muscles or organs

81
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses a joint.

Restricts movement

Block 3 VMT (5 decks)

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