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Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

week 16

1
Q

components of muscular system (3)

A

muscles
tendons
ligaments

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2
Q

components of skeletal system (5)

A

bones cartilage
joints
ligaments
other connective tissue

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3
Q

what are the functions of bones? (6)

A

support
protection
movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
storage of energy

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4
Q

how do bones provide support?

A

provides a framework for the body by supporting soft tissues
provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles

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5
Q

how do bones provide protection?

A

protect internal organs from injury

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6
Q

how do bones provide movement?

A

skeletal muscles attach to bones
muscles contract and pull on bones

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7
Q

how do bones provide homeostasis?

A

minerals stored in bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus released into the blood to maintain mineral balance

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8
Q

how do bones produce blood cells

A

blood cell production within the marrow cavities of certain bones

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9
Q

how do bones store energy?

A

lipids stored in cells of yellow marrow

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10
Q

what is the function of axial skeleton?

A

protection

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11
Q

what is the axial skeleton made of?

A

skull
vertebral
ribcage

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12
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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13
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton control?

A

the majority of motion

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14
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton attach to?

A

the axial skeleton

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15
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton made of?

A

upper and lower extremities (limbs)

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16
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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17
Q

what are the 2 regions of the skull?

A

viscerocranium
neurocranium

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18
Q

define viscerocranium

A

skeleton of the face

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19
Q

define neurocranium

A

skeleton of the head and cranial vault

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20
Q

what are the functions of the skull? (3)

A

facilitates entry of food, oxygen etc into the body
supports organs of special senses
protects brain

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21
Q

what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column? how many bones do they contain?

A

cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral
coccygeal

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22
Q

what are the functions of vertebral column?

A

protects spinal cord
weight bearing
locomotion

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23
Q

what are the components of the bony thorax? (2)

A

ribs
sternum

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24
Q

what are the functions of the bony thorax? (3)

A

muscle attachment
protection of thoracic organs
breathing

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25
what are the functions of girdles?
connects limbs to axial skeleton main contributors to locomotion
26
how many girdles are in the human body?
4
27
what is the function of the pectoral girdle?
creates shoulder joint
28
what is the pectoral girdle made from?
scapula clavicle
29
what is the function of the pelvic girdle?
connects the upper body to lower body and distributes weight
30
what are the 3 stances?
plantigrade digitigrade unguligrade
31
define plantigrade example
sole of the foot in contact with the floor humans
32
define digitigrade give 2 examples
on the toes (heel not touching the floor) dogs, cats
33
define unguligrade give 2 examples
walking on hooves/ nails horses, pigs
34
what is the organisation of muscles?
myofilament myofibril muscle fibre fascicle muscle
35
define muscle belly
strongest part of skeletal muscle tissue
36
what is the function of aponeurosis?
attaches muscle to bone or muscle
37
for a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach ...
to bone either side
38
how do muscles work?
in antagonistic pairs
39
what are the 2 types of muscle contraction?
isotonic isometric
40
how does isotonic contraction work?
change in length but no change in tension can be concentric or eccentric
41
define concentric
muscle shortens
42
define eccentric
muscle lengthens and is used against a force
43
how does isometric contraction work? what is it used for?
change in tension but no change in length to hold in position
44
what are the 2 types of muscle fibres?
fast twitch slow twitch
45
what are the 2 types of joints?
cavitated solid
46
what is a cavitated joint?
synovial - freely moveable joints
47
what are the 2 types of solid joint?
fibrous cartilaginous
48
examples of fibrous joints (3)
gomphosis - teeth syndesmosis - tibiofibula suture - skull
49
examples of cartilaginous joints (2)
primary - synchondrosis and growth plates secondary - symphysis and pelvis
50
define hypertrophy
increase in cell size with no change in cell number
51
define hyperplasia
no change in cell size but increase in cell number
52
define longitudinal bone growth
indirect growth via interstitial cartilage growth at the growth plate and ossification
53
when does longitudinal bone growth end?
at maturity
54
define circumferential bone growth
occurs directly via appositional growth at the bone surface and continues through life
55
1st step of longitudinal bone growth
starts as the formation of a bony collar around a cartilage template
56
2nd step of longitudinal bone growth
blood vessels invade the tissue
57
3rd step of longitudinal bon growth
osteoblasts enter the cartilage shaft and lay down bone matrix
58
4th step of longitudinal bone growth
osteoblasts enter the epiphysis and lay down bone matrix
59
5th step of longitudinal bone growth
cartilage is retained between the epiphysis and the shaft
60
what are the 2 types of bone growth?
interstitial growth appositional growth
61
define interstitial growth
division of chondroblasts from within the cartilage
62
what is the purpose of interstitial growth?
to increase bone length
63
define appositional growth
differentiation of cells from surfaces or perichondrium
64
what is the purpose of appositional growth?
to increase bone width
65
define epiphyseal growth plate
site of indirect bone growth via interstitial cartilage growth increase in bone length complete at skeletal maturity when the growth plate closes and interstitial cartilage growth stops
66
define endochondral bone formation
within cartilage
67
define intramembranous bone formation
inside a membrane
68
define bone remodelling
reorganisation via via resorption and deposition with modification of internal structure
69
how does skeletal muscle growth occur?
via hypertrophy achieved through upregulation of protein synthesis within muscle cells
70
hormonal control of the musculoskeletal system
growth hormone released from pituitary gland stimulates insulin like growth factor 1 which promotes bone and muscle growth
71
what is the consequence of an excess of GH before closure of epiphysis?
gigantism tall stature long extremities delayed puberty
72
what is the consequence of an excess of GH after closure of epiphysis?
acromegaly unaffected height unaffected limbs altered facial characteristics
73
what is the function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
regulate the distribution of calcium and phosphorus in the body
74
what are the consequences of too much PTH? (3)
increased Ca in plasma and loss of Ca from bone increased chance of kidney stones and osteoporosis/ osteopenia
75
what are the consequences of too little PTH? (3)
decreased Ca in plasma muscular rigidity muscular spasm
76
what is the function of vitamin D?
work with PTH to release calcium from the bone stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract
77
what is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
rickets
78
what is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
osteomalacia (soft and weak bones)
79
what is the function of calcitonin? (3)
opposes PTH reduces the plasma calcium inhibits osteoclast activity
80
what is vitamin C essential for? (2)
enzymatic reactions collagen synthesis (a vital component of muscle, bone, cartilage, connective tissues, basement membranes)
81
what is the consequence of a vitamin C deficiency in children?
Barlow's disease
82
what is the consequence of a vitamin C deficiency in adults?
scurvy
83
what can defective basement membranes lead to?
bleeding
84
what can defective connective tissue lead to? (2) examples (2)
ligament degradations loss of teeth joint aches bone damage previous healed fractures can recur new bone formed poorly
85
what are the functions of oestrogen? (2)
reduces bone resorption stimulates bone development
86
what are the functions of testosterone? (3)
reduces bone resorption stimulates bone development stimulates muscle mass increase
87
what effect does exercise have on bones?
changes the mechanical environment triggers cellular response and changes in bone architecture bones adjust size and shape in response
88
what is Wolff's Law?
optimisation of bone strength with respect to bone mass alignment of trabeculae with principle stress direction self regulation of bone cells responding to mechanical stimulus
89
increasing stress on bones =
increase in bone strength increased mineralisation decreased porosity increased bone mass
90
decreased mechanical loading =
decreased bone strength decreased mineralisation increased porosity decreased bone mass
91

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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