Body Tissues, Organs & Organ Systems

Question 1

define tissue

Answer 1

collection of cells and their products in which 1 type of cell predominates

Question 2

define organ

Answer 2

distinct collection of tissues forming a structure within an animal which is adapted to perform a specific purpose

Question 3

define organ system

Answer 3

a collection of organs and tissues which are related by function

Question 4

3 components of body tissues

Answer 4

cells, intercellular substances, body fluids

Question 5

what produces intercellular substances ? where are they found?

Answer 5

produced by the cells
lie in the spaces between them

Question 6

define body fluids

Answer 6

interstitial fluids flows through specialised channels running through the tissues

Question 7

3 cellular layers in the embryo

Answer 7

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 8

what are the 4 major derivatives of germ layers?

Answer 8

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, germ cells

Question 9

what does the ectoderm form? (4)

Answer 9

epidermis, CNS, PNS, melanocytes

Question 10

what does the endoderm form? (7)

Answer 10

gut, lungs, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, thymus, thyroid

Question 11

what does the mesoderm form? (8)

Answer 11

notocord, muscle, bone, dermis, heart, kidney, somatic gonad, vaculature, blood

Question 12

what are the 4 primary types of tissue?

Answer 12

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 13

define epithelial tissue
examples

Answer 13

cells adjacent with little matrix
skin, lining of hollow organs and tubes, glandular epithelium

Question 14

define connective tissue
examples

Answer 14

abundant extracellular matrix therefore strong
bone, cartilage, tendon, loose connective tissue

Question 15

define muscle tissue
examples

Answer 15

highly contractile cells create movement
striated, cardiac, smooth

Question 16

define nervous tissue
examples

Answer 16

conduct electrical signals (action potentials) along cells membranes
brain and spinal chord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, ganglia

Question 17

what is the role of fibroblasts?

Answer 17

secrete extracellular matrix proteins

Question 18

what is the role of adipocytes?

Answer 18

store fat

Question 19

what is the role of smooth muscle cells?

Answer 19

surround blood vessels to give vascular tone

Question 20

what is the role of chondroblasts/ chondrocytes?

Answer 20

make cartilage by secreting a mixture of type 2 collagen and proeoglycans to form a cartilage template in the shape of the final bone

Question 21

what do chondroblasts become surrounded by? what do they differentiate into?

Answer 21

ECM
chondrocytes

Question 22

what is the role of osteoblasts?

Answer 22

secrete type 1 collagen and calcium and phosphate to mineralise the bone

Question 23

what is the role of osteoclasts?

Answer 23

secrete proteases and acid to break down bone and seal themselves to the bone surface forming a digestive zone

Question 24

what are osteoclasts required for?

Answer 24

bone remodelling

Question 25

what is the role of osteocytes?

Answer 25

mature cells within the bone entrapped by osteoblasts

Question 26

define dense connective tissue

Answer 26

densely collagen bundles with few fibroblasts and other cells in between

Question 27

what formations are the dense fibres arranged in?

Answer 27

dense regular and dense irregular

Question 28

define dense regular tissue

Answer 28

fibrous connective tissue in 1 main direction

Question 29

define tendons

Answer 29

strong bands of fibrous tissue linking muscle to bone

Question 30

what do tendons optimise?

Answer 30

muscle position and length

Question 31

what are the roles of ligaments? (2)

Answer 31

link bone to bone stabilise joints

Question 32

define dense irregular tissue

Answer 32

fibres in random mesh

Question 33

where can dense irregular tissue be found?

Answer 33

dermis of the skin, capsules of joints, organ capsules of testis and lymph nodes

Question 34

where can dense irregular tissue be found?

Answer 34

dermis of the skin, capsules of joints, organ capsules of testis and lymph nodes layers of most fascias, serous membrane and aponeuroses

Question 35

what is the role of aponeurosis?

Answer 35

attaches muscle to bone or other muscle

Question 36

describe aponeurosis

Answer 36

wide flat sheet (rather than round tendon)

Question 37

what are the roles of epithelium? (4)

Answer 37

separates organs protects the body covers the body surfaces, organs, cavities and tubes forms the lining of most organs

Question 38

describe epithelium

Answer 38

lining sheets of cells with little matrix basal body anchored

Question 39

what are the 2 types of epithelium? examples

Answer 39

secretory sweat, wax, mucus, saliva absorbent water, metabolites, debris, waste

Question 40

what is skin/integument comprised of?

Answer 40

3 tissue layers, hair/fur, nails/claws, horns, sweat/oil glands,

Question 41

what are the 3 tissue layers of skin?

Answer 41

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 42

define body cavities

Answer 42

body divided into areas which are potential spaces as they are filled with visceral organs and fluid

Question 43

what are body cavities lined with?

Answer 43

continuous layer of serous membrane (mesothelium) that produces thin serous fluid (lube)

Question 44

what are the 3 body cavities?

Answer 44

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 45

define thoracic cavity

Answer 45

heart, lungs and associated structures within the bony thoracic cage

Question 46

what is the thoracic cage made of?

Answer 46

ribs, thoracic spine, sternum

Question 47

what is in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 47

abdominal viscera-GI tract, glands, urogenital system, associated nerves and vessels

Question 48

what is in the pelvic cavity?

Answer 48

urinary bladder, rectum and reproductive organs